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plantar foot
physical therapy gross anatomy plantar foot
114
Anatomy
Graduate
10/11/2011

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Term
what are the 3 opathys of uncontrolled diabetes?
Definition
retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy
Term
what is neuropathy
Definition
diminished function fo peripheral sensory nerves
Term
what is a complication of neuropathy?
Definition
ulceration/wounds in foot that progress into tissue with bacterial infection, resulting in amputation
Term
what are the 4 tarsal bones?
Definition
talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms
Term
which tarsal bone is covered in cartilage and attached to no muscles?
Definition
talus
Term
which tarsal bone has a groove for the fibularis longus?
Definition
cuboid
Term
which muscle has a tendon that is like a sling supporting our foot?
Definition
fibularis longus
Term
where is the base of the metatarsal?
Definition
proximal
Term
where is the head of the metatarsal?
Definition
distal, articulates with proximal phalange
Term
what is at the base of the 5th metatarsal?
Definition
tuberosity for insertion of fibularis brevis
Term
what will fracture from a fall from ladder/jump in which you land on your rearfoot?
Definition
calcaneus, lower lumbar vertebrae
Term
what is the prognosis for a calcaneal fracture that involves the subtalar joint?
Definition
poor, arthritis
Term
what foot bone fractures during forced dorsiflexion injuries?
Definition
talus
Term
what is another name for a talar fracture?
Definition
aviator fracture
Term
what can happen with a fracture through the neck of the talus?
Definition
interrupt vascualar supply causing avascular necrosis and death of talus
Term
where does fibularis brevis tendon insert?
Definition
base of 5th metatarsal
Term
what does fibularis brevis tendon do during inversion ankle injuries (ankle sprains)?
Definition
fibularis brevis tendon reflexively contracts attempting to evert ankle
Term
what can happen when fibularis brevis tendon contracts to evert ankle during an ankle inversion injury?
Definition
contraction can avluse or fracture base of metatarsal bone
Term
what is the plantar fascia?
Definition
deep fascia of the plantar surface
Term
what is the plantar aponeurosis?
Definition
thick central part of the plantar fascia
Term
what are the functions of the plantar aponeurosis?
Definition
protects underlying neurovascular structures, supports longitudinal arches of the foot, provides surface for muscular attachment, divides into slips that enclose the digital tendons, helps compartmentalize the foot by sending vertical septa into foot
Term
what are the 3 compartments of the foot that are made by the septa from the plantar aponeurosis?
Definition
medial compartment, central compartment, lateral compartment
Term
what are the 3 muscles in the 1st layer of the foot?
Definition
abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi
Term
what does the abductora hallucis du?
Definition
abduct big toe
Term
what does flexor digitorum brevis do?
Definition
flex toes 2-5
Term
what does the abductor digiti minimi do?
Definition
abducts 5th toe
Term
what are the muscles in the 2nd layer of the foot?
Definition
qudaratus plantae, lumbrical muscles, tendon of the flexor digitorum longus, tendon of the flexor hallucis longus
Term
what does the quadratus plantae muscle do?
Definition
assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing digits 2-5 (counters FDL to help pull down straight)
Term
what does quadratus plantae insert into?
Definition
Flexor digitorum longus tendons
Term
where do lumbricals arise from?
Definition
Flexor digitorum longus tendons
Term
where are the neurovascular structures among the foot muscles?
Definition
between 1st and 2nd layer
Term
what are the 3 muscles of the 3rd layer of plantar muscles?
Definition
flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis
Term
what does the flexor digit minimi do?
Definition
flexes proximal phalanx 5th toe
Term
what does adductor hallucis do?
Definition
adduct big toe
Term
describe shape of adductor hallucis
Definition
has transverse and oblique head
Term
what does flexor hallucis brevis do?
Definition
flexes proximal phalanx hallux
Term
what is special about flexor hallucis brevis tendon?
Definition
contains sesamoid bones
Term
what are the muscles of the 4th layer of the plantar muscles?
Definition
3 plantar interossei, 4 dorsal interossei
Term
what do the 3 plantar interossei muscles do?
Definition
adduct digits 3, 4, 5
Term
what do the 4 dorsal interossei muscle do?
Definition
abduct digits 2, 3, 4
Term
what is the origin/insertion of interossei?
Definition
arise from shafts of metatarsals and insert into extensor expansion of digits
Term
describe difference in appearance of dorsal vs. plantar interossei
Definition
plantar = unipennate, dorsal = bipennate
Term
what plantar muscles does the medial plantar nerve innervate?
Definition
flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, 1st (medial) lumbrical
Term
what nerve innervates the dorsal interossei, plantar interossei, flexor digiti minimi, adductor hallucis, quadratus plantae, 3 lateral lumbricals, abductor digiti minimi muscles?
Definition
lateral plantar nerve
Term
what do the lateral plantar nerve and medial plantar nerve come from?
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
what are the nerve roots of the medial and lateral plantar nerves?
Definition
S2 S3 play footsie with me
Term
what are the plantar arteries?
Definition
medal and lateral plantars - like medial and lateral plantar nerves
Term
what goes through tarsal tunnel?
Definition
tendon of tibialis posterior, tendon of flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, tendon of flexor hallucis longus (Tom, Dick AN Harry)
Term
where can you feel the pulse of the posterior tibial artery?
Definition
midway between heel and medial malleolus
Term
what does medial plantar nerve come from?
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
what is the cutaneous innervation that the medial plantar nerve provides?
Definition
cutaneous to medial 3.5 digits
Term
what branches does medial plantar nerve give to toes?
Definition
common digital nerves to proper digital nerves
Term
what are the nerve roots of the medial plantar nerve cutaneously?
Definition
L4 L5
Term
what does the lateral plantar nerve come from?
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
what is the path of the lateral plantar nerve
Definition
comes from tibial nerve, branches into deep branch and superficial branch, superficial branch divides into common digital nerves and proper digital nerves to innervate lateral 1.5 digits cutaneously
Term
what does the lateral planter nerve innervate cutaneously in the foot?
Definition
lateral 1.5 digits, some of plantar surface
Term
what is a dermatome?
Definition
an area of the skin supplied by the dorsal sensory root of a spinal nerve
Term
dermatome for occipital region of the head
Definition
C2
Term
dermatome for tip of th shoulder
Definition
C5
Term
dermatome for thumb
Definition
C6
Term
dermatome for index finger
Definition
C7
Term
dermatome for little finger
Definition
C8
Term
dermatome for medial arm
Definition
T1
Term
dermatome for nipple
Definition
T4
Term
dermatome for belly button
Definition
T10
Term
dermatome for medial knee
Definition
L3
Term
dermatome for big toe
Definition
L4
Term
dermatome for little toe
Definition
S1
Term
dermatome for genital and anal region
Definition
S2-S4
Term
where does medial plantar artery come from?
Definition
posterior tibial artery
Term
under what muscle does medial plantar artery run?
Definition
abductor hallucis
Term
what does medial plantar artery vascularize?
Definition
muscles of big toe
Term
what does medial plantar artery end as?
Definition
plantar digital arteries
Term
what does lateral plantar artery come from and where does it branch off?
Definition
from posterior tibial artery under abductor allucis
Term
what is the path of the lateral plantar artery?
Definition
from posterior tibial artery, goes deep within foot to form deep plantar arch
Term
what is the path of the deep plantar arch?
Definition
comes from lateral plantar artery then gives off plantar metatarsal arteries and anastomoses with deep plantar artery from the dorsalis pedis
Term
what does the medial plantar artery travel with?
Definition
medial plantar nerve
Term
what does the lateral plantar artery travel with?
Definition
lateral plantar nerve
Term
what is morton's neuroma?
Definition
enlargement and fibrosis of a common plantar digital nerve
Term
what is the most common location of morton's neuroma?
Definition
between 3rd and 4th toes = 3rd interspace
Term
what happens in morton's neuroma?
Definition
enlarged nerve becomes entrapped between metatarsal heads and surrounding ligaments during gait = causes pain and paresthesia of the nerve
Term
what would a patient with morton's neuroma complain of?
Definition
pain and/or numbness in the 3-4th toes throughout the day
Term
what is treatment of morton's neuroma?
Definition
wider shoes, steroid injections, surgical removement of inflamed nerve
Term
what type of joint is the subtalar joint?
Definition
plane type synovial
Term
what typ of movement is produced at the subtalar joint?
Definition
inversion/eversion: allows heel to rock back and forth
Term
which ligament helps stabilize the subtalar joint?
Definition
interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
Term
what are the 3 facets of the subtalar joint?
Definition
posterior, middle, anterior facets
Term
where is the posterior facet of the subtalar joint?
Definition
between the superior surface of the calcaneus and the inferior surface of the talus
Term
where is the middle facet of the subtalar joint?
Definition
on the superior aspect of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus
Term
where is the anterior facet of the subtalar joint?
Definition
just distal to the middle facet on the calcaneus
Term
what are interphalangeal joints
Definition
joints between phalanges
Term
what is the metatarsal-phalangeal joint?
Definition
joints between metatarsals and phalanges
Term
what are intermetatarsal joints?
Definition
joints between metatarsals
Term
what is the tarsometatarsal joint?
Definition
joint between tarsals and metatarsals
Term
what type of joint are metatarsal phalangeal joints?
Definition
condyloid synovial joints
Term
what type of joints are interphalangeal joints?
Definition
hinge type synovial joints
Term
what type of joints are tarsometatarsal joints?
Definition
plane type synovial
Term
what is the transverse tarsal joint?
Definition
combination of talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints: provides inversion/eversion along with subtalar joint
Term
what movement does talus + tibia provide?
Definition
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Term
describe the medial longitudinal arch
Definition
formed by calcaneus talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and 3 medial metatarsals
Term
describe the lateral longitudinal arch
Definition
calcaneus, cuboid, and 4th and 5th metatarsals
Term
describe the transverse arch
Definition
runs from medial to lateral: formed by cuboid, cuneiforms, and base of metatarsals
Term
which arch is the high arch in the medial foot?
Definition
medial longitudinal arch
Term
what makes the arches of the foot?
Definition
shape of interlocking bones, strength and support of ligaments, action and tone of tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, and fibularis longus
Term
describe long plantar ligament
Definition
goes from calcaneus to cuboid groove: forms tunnel for fibularis longus
Term
where is the short plantar ligament
Definition
deep to the long plantar ligament
Term
where is the calcaneonavicular ligament?
Definition
from sustentaculum tali to navicular
Term
what is another name for calcaneonavicular ligament?
Definition
spring ligament
Term
what does the calcaneonavicular ligament do?
Definition
supports the head of the talus
Term
what are the 4 ligaments that help support the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot?
Definition
plantar aponeurosis, clacaneonavicular ligament, long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament
Term
what are the clinical conditions/symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
Definition
pain at plantar aspect of heel at insertion of plantar aponeurosis; pain is worse in mornings and after periods of rest
Term
what is fasciitis?
Definition
inflammation of aponeurosis
Term
what is a heel spur
Definition
bone deposition on calcaneal tubercle that is a result of chronic fasciitis
Term
what are treatments for plantar fasciitis/bone spurs
Definition
NSAIDS, cortisone, orthotics
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