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Physiology Unit 3
Cardio-Pulmonary Adaptations to Exercise
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
05/08/2013

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Term
Delta-X
Definition
Change in a variable from resting value to max values
Term
Minute Ventilation
Definition
Expired volume of air measured in liters per minute composed of respiratory rate and tidal volume
Term
Respiratory Rate
Definition
Amount of Breaths per minute
Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
Volume of air in mL per breath
Term
Physical Work Capacity
Definition
Total amount of maximum sustainable work you are able to be produced dependent on VO2 max
Term
Resting Minute Ventilation
Definition
4-6 Liters per minute, regardless of training
Term
Sub-max Minute Ventilation
Definition
Lower in trained individual than untrained because a lesser contribution is derived from anaerobic systems
Term
Max Ve
Definition
Higher when trained
Term
Delta-X Minute Ventilation
Definition
10-12 In untrained females, 15-20 in trained females, 15-20 in untrained males, 20-30+ in trained males. Extremely high value for a variable.
Term
Ventilation Threshold
Definition
Intensity in which linear relationship of Ve turns curvilinear with a disproportionate increase
Term
respiratory Centers
Definition
Controller of ventilation in medulla and pons in the brain-stem which sends efferent signals to respiratory muscles
Term
respiratory Muscles
Definition
Diaphragm, Internal intercostals, external intercostals, abdominal, scalenes, sternoclenomastoid
Term
Humoral Control of respiration
Definition
Controls respiration by means of chemical and physical properties of the blood which has a slight delayed effect. Utilizes Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors to detect levels of CO2, pH, and O2
Term
Bloood Buffering System
Definition
Bicarbonate ions combine with protons to form Carbonic Acid which enters Red Blood Cells and is broken down into water and CO2 by carbonic Anhydrase
Term
Ceentral Command Control of Respiration
Definition
Neural factors which are sent from the motor cortex to the respiratory centers which relay signals to increase breathing at the same time and to the same degree as the signals sent to muscles for movement
Term
Cardiac cycle
Definition
Consists of one diastole of ventricle filling and one systole of ventricle contraction
Term
Cardiac Output (Q)
Definition
Functional variable of the heart measured in liters per minute which is a product of stroke volume and heart rate, acts as a definer of VO2 max
Term
Q at rest
Definition
Between 4-6 Liters/Min for both untrained and trained individuals
Term
Q at Submax Intensities
Definition
Similar values at submax intensities: Q as definer of VO2 max which is constant for sustaining a given amount of work
Term
Q at max
Definition
Higher in trained individuals than untrained allowing for a higher PWC and VO2 max
Term
DX of Q
Definition
3-4X for untrained females, 5X for trained females, 4-5X for untrained males, 5-6X for trained males
Term
Stroke Volume
Definition
Component of Cardiac Output which represents the force or strength of the contraction of the left ventricle measured in mL/beat
Term
Vs Rest
Definition
Higher in trained individuals
Term
Vs at submax
Definition
Higher when trained
Term
Vs at max
Definition
Higher when trained
Term
DX Vs
Definition
1.5X for all individuals
Term
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Definition
Long lasting mechanism for increased stroke volume characterized by increased wall thickness, diameter, and ventricular mass by longitudinal addition of more sarcomeres
Term
Blood Volume Expansion
Definition
Mechanism for increased stroke volume which shows up shortly after a stimulus is presented in which increases in absolute amounts of plasma and RBCs increases Venous return and increases stretch on ventricular walls
Term
Frank Starling Phenomenon
Definition
An increase in stretch in the walls of the heart is proportional to an increase in the force of a contraction as a result of more acto-myosin complexes being formed in cardiocytes
Term
Hemotocrit
Definition
A percentage of blood volume that is composed of 80% RBCs and other heavier compounds that are in the plasma
Term
Heart Rate
Definition
A variable of cardiac output which reflects the overall frequency of heart contractions expressed in beats per minute.
Term
HR Rest
Definition
Lower in trained individuals
Term
HR submax
Definition
Lower in trained individuals at a given intensity
Term
HR max
Definition
Similar due to age related concept of HR max 220-age
Term
Extrinsic Regulation of Cardiac Cyckle
Definition
Neural and hormonal control by neuroendocrine system utlizes the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous system for control
Term
Sympathetic NS
Definition
Part of the Autonomic NS responsible for flight or fight responses characterized by increased heart rate and stroke volume by sending generalized signals via spinal nerves T1-T4 and Neurotransmitters epinephrine and nor-epinephrine
Term
Parasympathetic NS
Definition
Component of the Autonomic NS which keeps the heart at rest and returns it to normal values after exercise disturbances by means of a generalized response via the Vagus nerve using neurotransmitter Acetyl-Choline
Term
Tone
Definition
Amount of electrical activity sent to a muscle
Term
Intrinsic Variables on Cardiac cycle
Definition
Physical or Chemical factors local to the organ itself
Term
EDV
Definition
End Diastolic Volume or the amount of blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole which is proportional to venous return and stroke volume
Term
Cardiovascular Dynamic Sustainability
Definition
Better venous return is critical factor in stroke volume, cardiac output, and sustainable work
Term
Blood Perfusion
Definition
Concept in which at any given cardiac output, the blood is directed to certain tissues while being redirected away from others by Vaso Dialation and Vaso Constriction
Term
Splanchnic Organs
Definition
Visceral organs associated with digestion which are vaso constricted during exercise to allow a greater percentage of blood flow to be directed to active muscles
Term
Metabolites
Definition
Elevated Temperature, CO2, Adenosine and H protons which vasodilate arterioles of active tissue to sustain increased blood flow
Term
Ficks Equation
Definition
Equation used to determine the amount of VO2 required for rest, all sub maximal intensities, as well as VO2 max consisting of a 50-50 contribution of the products of Cardiac Output and (A-V)O2 Difference
Term
(A-V)O2 Difference
Definition
Difference between the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood compared to the value of oxygen in the venous blood measured in mL of O2 per 100mL blood
Term
O2 Concentration
Definition
Measured in ml/100mL; Artial blood 20, Venous blood at rest ~15
Term
(A-V)O2 Diff Values
Definition
O2 Difference values increase with training since more Oxygen can be extracted when better trained due to local adaptations in muscles and increased perfusion to active sites. Max Diff Values when untrained are less than 15, and differences when trained are above 15 but less than 20.
Term
DX (A-V)O2 Diff
Definition
Untrained 2
Term
DX Vo2
Definition
Greater or Equal to 10X made up of increases from Cardiac output and (A-V)O2 Diff:
Q: 3-5X
(A-V): 2-3X
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