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Physiology of Respiration
A&P of Speech Mechanisms
46
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/01/2012

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Cards

Term
Quiet Breathing
Definition
Active contraction of diaphragm for inspiration followed by a simple relaxation of musculature for expiration
Term
Passive Expiration
Definition

Two forces come into play:

  • Elasticity
  • Gravity
Term
Tissue Elasticity of Lungs
Definition
Lungs are highly elastic, porous tissue. They are sponge-like; when compressed, they will tend to expand to return to original shape.
Term
Lungs in Adults
Definition
  • During respiration, they are stretched beyond their resting position
  • Upon increasing thorax size, lungs expand as if you had grabbed them and stretched them out
  • When muscles that are expanding rib cage relax, lungs tend to return to their original shape and size
Term
Tissue Elasticity of Abdominal Muscles
Definition
  • When you inhale and your abdomen protrudes, you are stretching abdominal muscles
  • Relaxing inspiratory process will let abdominal muscles return to their original length
  • Abdominal muscles will tend to push your abdominal viscera back in and force diaphragm up
Term
Gravity
Definition
When standing or sitting erect, after forced inspiration, gravity will act on ribs to pull them back down
Term
Measurements of Respiration
Definition
  • Wet spirometer
  • U-tube manometer
Term
Wet Spirometer
Definition

Measures respiratory flow, volumes, and capacities

 

  • Involves tube connected to container opened at bottom. This container is placed inside another container that is full of water 
  • To measure lung volume, patient breathes into tube causing volume of water to be displaced.
  •  Amount of water displaced will give you an accurate estimate of air required to displace it 
Term
U-Tube Manometer
Definition

Subject is asked to blow on tube, force of subject’s expiration is exerted on column of water that rises as a result.

 

The more force, the higher column of water rises

 

Reported as centimeters (cm) of water

Term
Effects of Turbulence on Respiration
Definition

If patient has excessive secretions (mucus) in their respiratory passageway, it causes air turbulence, which increases resistance to air flow (‘extra drag’)

 

Results in increased effort to draw air into lungs which causes rapid fatigue

Term
Respiratory Cycle
Definition

During quiet respiration, adults complete 12-18 cycles of respiration/minute

 

Cycle of respiration is defined as one inspiration and one expiration  

 

Quiet tidal respiration 

Term
Infant Developmental Process of Respiration
Definition
lungs totally fill up thorax
Term
Adult Developmental Process of Respiration
Definition
thorax has grown, which stretches lungs beyond their natural volume
Term
Residual volume
Definition
volume of air in adult lung that cannot be completely  expelled
Term
Volumes
Definition
Partitioning off of respiratory system to get an accurate estimate of amount of air each compartment can hold
Term
Capacities
Definition

More functional units

 

Refer to combinations of volumes that express physiological limits

 

Represent functional combinations of volumes

Term
Measurement for Volumes and Capacities
Definition

measured in milliliters (ml) which is thousandths of liter

Cubic centimeter (cc) is same as a milliliter

1 liter = 1000 ml or 1000 cc

Term
Tidal Volume (TV)
Definition
Volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration
Term
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Definition
Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Definition
Volume of air that can be expired following tidal expiration; also known as resting lung volume
Term
Residual Volume (RV)
Definition
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
Term
Dead Space Air
Definition
Volume of air within the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange; included as a component of residual volume
Term
Vital Capacity (VC)
Definition
The volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation; includes inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Term
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Definition
The volume of air in the body at the end of passive exhalation; includes expiratory reserve and residual volumes
Term
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Definition
The sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
Term
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Definition
The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
Term
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Definition
Constant zero against which to compare respiratory pressures
Term
Intraoral or mouth pressure (Pm)
Definition
Pressure within mouth
Term
Subglottal pressure (Ps)
Definition
Pressure below vocal folds Glottis – opening between vocal folds
Term
Alveolar or pulmonic pressure (Pal)
Definition
Pressure that is present within individual alveolus
Term
Pressure equality during normal respiration with open vocal folds
Definition

Pm = Ps = Pal

Intaroral Pressure=Subglottal Presure=Alveolar Pressure

Term
Pleural or Intrapleural Pressure (Ppl)
Definition

Pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleurae

Pleural pressure will be negative throughout respiration

When one attempts to separate visceral from parietal pleurae, a negative pressure results

Term
Pressure Measurements
Definition
All made relative to atmospheric pressure
Term
Pressures Generated by Tissue
Definition

Recoil of chest during exhalation obeys laws applying to any elastic material

  • Greater you distend or distort material, greater force required to hold it in that position and greater is force with which it returns to rest

 

Term
Relaxation Pressure Curve
Definition

Pressure= force exerted over area

 

Relaxation pressure curve shows result of pressure generated by force of rib cage

 

Farther rib cage is expanded, greater the force that is trying to return rib cage to rest

Term
Effects of Posture on Speech
Definition

Body posture is significant contributor to efficiency of respiration

 

While sitting or standing erect, gravity is pulling abdominal viscera down, which supports inspiration, and is pulling rib cage down, which supports expiration

 

While in supine, abdominal viscera shift rostrally, which pushes diaphragm into thoracic cavity; gravity supports neither expiration nor inspiration. Muscles of inspiration must elevate rib cage against gravity  

 

Although vital capacity (VC) is not affected, ability to completely inflate lungs is

 

Resting lung volume (Figure 3-12) ~38% of VC in sitting position ~20% of VC in supine

Term
Subglottal Pressures 3-5 cm water
Definition
Minimum driving pressure needed to make vocal folds move
Term
Subglottal Pressures 7-10 cm water
Definition
Conversational speech
Term
Subglottal Pressures >10 cm water
Definition
Loud speech associated with increase in pressure
Term
Second Level of Pressure of Speech
Definition

Requires micro-control

 

As we maintain constant pressure needed for phonation, we can rapidly and briefly change pressure for linguistic purposes, such as syllable stress

Term
First level of Pressure of Speech
Definition

Produce sustained voicing of given intensity, we need relatively constant subglottal pressure

 

With quick bursts of pressure (and laryngeal adjustments), we are able to increase vocal intensity and increase vocal pitch

 

Bursts are small and fast

 

We increase subglottal pressure by ~2 cm water to add stress; then return to previous subglottal pressure within 0.1 sec

Term
Nonspeech Respiration
Definition

Inhalation takes up ~40% of cycle

 

Exhalation takes up ~60% of cycle

 

 

Term
Respiratory Cycle During Speech Production
Definition

Inspiration takes up ~10% of cycle

 

Expiration takes up ~90% of cycle

 

 

 

Term
Checking Action
Definition

 Respiratory control for speech production; we hols inspiratory position to impede outflow of air and let air out slowly in order to maintain constant flow of air through vocal tract, which allows us to accurately control pressure beneath vocal folds

 

 

Term
Speaking on Expiratory Reserve
Definition

Enlist muscles of expiration to push beyond resting lung volume

 

Using muscles of expiration, we continue talking beyond point where we would normally take another breath

Term
Minute volume
Definition
Volume of air involved in one minute of respiration (quiet breathing)
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