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Physiology of Muscle
Muscle physiology
105
Anatomy
Professional
08/28/2012

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Term
What is the functional unit of a muscle
Definition
Alpha motor neuron plus all muscle fibers it innervate
Term
What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber
Definition
Sarcomere
Term
Where does a Sarcomere exist
Definition
Between Z bands or Z lines
Term
What band of muscle does light not pass through, contains myosin, and remains the same with contraction
Definition
A band or Anisonotropic
Term
What band of muscle does light pass through, only has actin, and shortens with contraction
Definition
I band or isotropic
Term
What band of muscle contains only myosin has no overlap with Actin and disappears with contraction
Definition
H band
Term
Under "HI" contraction the ___
Definition
H and I band dissappear
Term
What is fascia made by?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
What is the covering of a muscle fiber
Definition
Endomysium
Term
What is the covering of a muscle fascicle
Definition
perimysium
Term
what covers the entire muscle
Definition
epimysium
Term
Prior to contraction what is actin bound to
Definition
the troponin portion of troponin tropomyosin complex
Term
Prior to contraction what is myosin bound to
Definition
ATP
Term
Where is Ca initially released from to initiate contraction?
Definition
the presynaptic knob
Term
When Ca from the presynaptic knob is released what happens inside the synaptic knob?
Definition
Ach (acetylcholine) is released and crosses synapse into the muscle
Term
When Ach crosses the synapse into the muscle what is picks it up?
Definition
T-Tubules
Term
When the t-tubules pick up the Ach where does it go and what does it do
Definition
it goes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release intramuscular Ca
Term
Intramuscular calcium when it is release will bind to
Definition
troponin and releasing actin
Term
Intramuscular calcium will convert ATP to
Definition
ADP and readies Myosin
Term
When there is contraction the myosin heads __ to allow the actin filaments to __
Definition
cock in power stroke; slide causing muscle contraction
Term
The primary breakdown of AcH in muscle contraction is called
Definition
presynaptic uptake
Term
The secondary breakdown of Ach is called
Definition
acetylcholinesterase
Term
1 molecule of acetylcholinesterase will break down __ Ach
Definition
25,000
Term
What happens if there is no AcH
Definition
no intramuscular Ca released
actin is bound to troponin-tropomyosin complex
ATP is bound to myosin
Term
What is contraction with no joint movement?
Definition
isometric
Term
What is contraction against gravity
Definition
isotonic
Term
what is contraction with constant speed
Definition
isokinetic
Term
What contraction will shorten the muscle belly?
Definition
concentric contraction
Term
What contraction will lengthen the muscle belly?
Definition
eccentric contraction
Term
What contraction will produce the most strength?
Definition
eccentric contraction
Term
What pathology will cause a stoppage of Ach release?
Definition
Clostridium botulinum
Term
What is the first and second sign of clostridium botulinum
Definition
double vision (diplopia) ; death
Term
Where is clostridium botulinum found?
Definition
raw honey (floppy baby syndrome)
Term
What pathology has an autoimmune reaction to AcH receptors?
Definition
Myasthenia gravis
Term
What organ is responsible for myasthenia gravis?
Definition
thymus; thymoma
Term
What pathology blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters and generally produces a lock jaw
Definition
Clostridium tetanae
Term
In clostridium tetanae neurotransmitter GABA will effect the
Definition
brain
Term
In clostridium tetanae neurotransmitter Glycine will effect the
Definition
spine
Term
When there is an increase of ADP instead of ATP over time what pathology will occur
Definition
Rigamortis (muscle contraction alone)
Term
What attaches to dence bodies from one cell to another in smooth muscle contraction
Definition
Actin
Term
There is no ___ in smooth muscle
Definition
troponin
Term
What does calcium bind to in smooth muscle contraction
Definition
calmodulin
Term
When calmodulin/calcium complex joins with myosin kinase what will be activated?
Definition
regulatory light chain of myosin
Term
In cases of smooth muscle relaxation what is used to break the contraction?
Definition
myosin phosphatase/calcium pump
Term
Skeletal muscle activation is
Definition
Fast
Term
Skeletal muscle strength is
Definition
Weak
Term
What is the energy required to sustain a skeletal muscle contraction
Definition
More than smooth muscle
Term
Smooth muscle activation is
Definition
slow
Term
Smooth muscle strength is
Definition
strong
Term
What type of muscle contraction uses the latch mechanism
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
What type of muscle contraction has the calcium channels more involved
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
What type of muscle contraction has the sodium channels more involved
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
What is the cause of skeletal muscle relaxation
Definition
acetylcholineesterase
Term
What causes smooth muscle relaxation
Definition
myosin phosphatase and calcium pump
Term
What muscle contraction uses troponin
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
What muscle contraction uses calmodulin
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
What type of fibers would a marathon runner use?
Definition
slow twitch
Term
What type of fibers with a sprinter or weightlifter use?
Definition
Fast twitch
Term
What type of fibers have red color due to myoglobin
Definition
slow twitch
Term
What type of fibers have white collar due to lack of myoglobin
Definition
Fast twitch
Term
What types of fibers use more mitochondria
Definition
slow twitch
Term
What type of fibers use a aerobic glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Definition
slow twitch
Term
What type of glycolysis do fast twitch fibers use
Definition
anaerobic (short term energy)
Term
What type of fibers use more glycolytic enzymes
Definition
Fast Twitch
Term
What characterizes a loss of temperature through contact
Definition
conduction
Term
What characterizes airwaves cooling off an object like coffee or soup
Definition
Convection
Term
How do you normally give off heat
Definition
Radiation
Term
What describes perspiration a pseudomotor activity
Definition
Evaporation
Term
What is initiated from what nervous system
Definition
sympathetics
Term
What use is muscarinic receptors in response to AcH
Definition
Perspiration
Term
What type of diffusion uses a carrier proteins
Definition
Facilitated diffusion
Term
Name two types of gates used in facilitated diffusion
Definition
Voltage gate
Ligand gating
Term
electrical charge openings gate
Definition
Voltage gate
Term
bind chemical with proteins to open gate
Definition
Ligand gating
Term
Primary active transport requires what
Definition
ATP
Term
Secondary active transport is also known as
Definition
Cotransport to save energy
Term
Hey high concentration of ___ will carry molecules such as amino acids and glucose into the cell
Definition
Sodium
Term
What is described as a high concentration to lower concentration such as water leaving the collecting duct
Definition
Passive diffusion
Term
What autonomic impulses are controlled by sympathetic nervous system (4 exceptions) and respond to epinepherine and norepinepherine
Definition
Sweat, Pili erectae, capillary of skin, and arteriole of muscle
Term
What transports excitatory impulses in the CNS
Definition
ACH, norepinephrine, epinephrine, glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin
Term
What does glutamate act on in the excitatory CNS
Definition
brain
Term
What does dopamine act on in the excitatory CNS
Definition
basal ganglia
Term
What effects the left brain with depression in the transmission of impulses in the excitatory CNS
Definition
serotonin
Term
What is used in the neuromuscular junction of the PNS
Definition
ACH
Term
What is used in the autonomic nervous system in the PNS
Definition
ACH and Norepi
Term
What two receptors do ACH activate
Definition
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
Term
What receptor uses effector cells of the parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
muscarinic
Term
What receptors are skeletal muscle fibers and pre-ganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic used in
Definition
Nicotinic
Term
When you have an increased hydrostatic pressure what will happen to the lymphatic flow?
Definition
increased (getting fatty acids out)
Term
An increased oncotic pressure will cause
Definition
decreased edema
Term
Decreased oncotic pressure will cause
Definition
increased edema
Term
What measures the amount of ions in the blood
Definition
osmotic pressure
Term
What controls osmotic pressure
Definition
sodium
Term
If there is a decreased osmotic pressure what happens to the sodium
Definition
there is less
Term
if there is a increased osmotic pressure what will happen to the sodium
Definition
there is more
Term
Muscle fibers that are slow twitch 100 ms the fire used in endurance and krebs
Definition
type one
Term
What are hybrid muscle fibers aka fast twitch oxadating fibers that take 50 ms to fire and use Krebs
Definition
Type 2a muscle fibers
Term
What are fast twitch anarobic fibers that take 25 ms to fire
Definition
Type 2b muscle fibers
Term
Type 2b convert to 2A muscle fibers with __
Definition
aerobic exercise
Term
Which fibers would a couch potatoe have the most of
Definition
2b fibers all white fibers
Term
Most smooth muscle fibers are __
Definition
multiunit (syncitial)
Term
What smooth muscle fibers are single unit?
Definition
iris of the eye; pili erectae tissue
Term
Sympathetic nervous system reactions are
Definition
adenergic
Term
Muscarinic reactions are __
Definition
autonomic parasympathetic reactions
Term
Nicotinic reactions are
Definition
ANS and skeletal muscles (relaxing to smoke)
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