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physiology of lungs
lungs physiology
63
Anatomy
Professional
08/23/2012

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Term
This causes hemoglobin to become more acidic binding with oxygen.
Definition
Haldane Effect
Term
The ___ causes carbon dioxide and H+ protons to be expelled via the alveoli.
Definition
Haldane Effect
Term
The ___ is what happens and the ___ is how it happens
Definition
Bohr; Haldane
Term
How many oxygen are bound to hemoglobin via the Bohr effect in the lungs
Definition
4 O2
Term
What are 4 things that happens in the lungs with the Bohr effect
Definition
Decreased H+, CO2, Temp, DPG
Shift to the left
Term
A decrease in CO2 will cause the Bohr effect to shift to the ___
Definition
Left
Term
In the lung hemoglobin will be more __ bound to O2
Definition
tightly
Term
At the tissues ___ releases O2
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
At the tissues hemoglobin will bind to what three things
Definition
H+, CO2, DPG (diphosphoglycerate) with a increase in temperature
Term
An increase in CO2 in the tissues will cause a bohr effect shift to the __
Definition
right
Term
Hemoglobin gives O2 to the tissues ___
Definition
easily
Term
After the bohr effect in the tissues happen what will happen?
Definition
chloride shift
Term
this is characterized by normal breathing and equals 500 ml
Definition
tidal volume
Term
tidal volume is controlled by the ____
Definition
pneumotaxic center
Term
The pneumotaxic center is located where?
Definition
in the nucleus parabrachialis in the upper pons
Term
What is the action of nucleus parabrachialis in the upper pons
Definition
limits inspiration: stretch receptor fire when the lung is "full"
Term
What is fired by the nucleus parabrachialis in the upper pons when the lungs are get to full?
Definition
herring breuer reflex with the vagus nerve
Term
This is characterized as forced inspiration at 3000ml
Definition
inspiratory reserve volume
Term
What shuts off the hering breuer reflex
Definition
inspiratory reserve volume
Term
What shuts off the pneumotaxic center
Definition
apneustic center in the pons
Term
What allows a deep breath and is the largest individual part of breathing
Definition
IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)
Term
What is characterized by forced expiration and equals 1100 ml
Definition
expiratory reserve volume
Term
What is controlled by the rectus abdominus
Definition
ERV (expiratory reserve volume)
Term
what keeps the lungs from collapsing and is 1200ml
Definition
residual volume (RV)
Term
IRV +TV =
Definition
Inspiratory capacity (3500ml)
Term
ERV + RV=
Definition
Functional residual capacity
Term
IRV + TV + ERV= IC+ERV=4600 ml
Definition
Vital capacity
Term
IRV + TV + ERV + RV = 5800ml
Definition
total lung volume
Term
What is characterized by air in the pulmonary tree not involved with gas exchange (air in bronchi)
Definition
dead space
Term
What is respiration controlled by
Definition
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
Term
What is the throat muscles (pharynx and larynx) controlled by?
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguous (CN 9,10, 11)
Term
What branchial arch is the throat muscles controlled by?
Definition
4-6th branchial arch
Term
What is characterized by the pressure inside the alveoli, slightly negative, and allows for normal quiet inspiration
Definition
alveolar pressure
Term
What is characterized by air pressure, opposes alveolar pressure
Definition
atmospheric pressure
Term
What is characterized by pressure of fluid in the thin space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura
Definition
pleural pressure
Term
Pleural pressure is __ pressure
Definition
negative
Term
what keeps lungs open to their resting level
Definition
pleural pressure
Term
What is the difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure
Definition
transpulmonary pressure
Term
What measures elastic forces in the lung (recoil pressure)
Definition
transpulmonary pressure
Term
When is the end inspiration highest?
Definition
transpulmonary pressure
Term
How far the lungs will expand per unit of increased transpulmonary pressure.
Definition
compliance
Term
What are 2 things compliance are depending on?
Definition
elastic force of lungs itself, surface tension of fluids in and around the lung
Term
surface tension is needed because
Definition
the lung wants to collapse
Term
If there is a lack of surfactant at birth there is usually
Definition
premature birth
Term
A lack of surfactant at birth will cause
Definition
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Term
what is also known as neonatal hyaline membrane disease
Definition
ARDS
Term
What is the epithelium of the entire lung?
Definition
psudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE)
Term
What is the alveolar sacs made of?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium (exchange)
Term
Type 1 pneumocytes allow for ___
Definition
gas exchange
Term
Type 2 pneumocytes allow for ___
Definition
surfactant, decrease surface tension

**on every exam**
Term
Dust cells are also known as
Definition
macrophages
Term
what produces mucus
Definition
goblet cells or J cells
Term
what is the defense mechanism in case of noxious air
Definition
J cells or goblet cells
Term
poison gas in for example a dry land drowning will effect what cells in the lungs?
Definition
j cells or goblet cells
Term
what is the apex of the lung/cervical pleura and above the clavicle?
Definition
cupola
Term
Where are 3 places that the carina of the trachea are located at?
Definition
sternal angle, 2nd costochondral, and T4 vertebrae
Term
What is inferior to the root of the lung and creates potential space for breathing?
Definition
pulmonary ligament
Term
where is fluid of the lung collected?
Definition
costodiaphramatic recess
Term
Where is pressure the greatest in the lungs?
Definition
at the bottom of inspiration (transpulmonary pressure)
Term
What is most absorbable to CO2
Definition
water (20x more than O2)
Term
What is most sensitive to increase in CO2 and secondary to decrease in O2
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
Where are chemoreceptors located?
Definition
carotid body, and aortic body
Term
What is the cause of all headaches?
Definition
vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels by the chemoreceptors
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