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Physiology of heart
Physiology of heart
131
Anatomy
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08/19/2012

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Term
Blood from the upper extremity enters the heart through the___
Definition
superior vena cava
Term
Blood from the lower extremity enters the heart through the ___
Definition
inferior vena cava
Term
The ___ drains the lumbars to the SVC
Definition
azygos vein
Term
The azygos vein travels from ___ to the SVC on the __
Definition
L1/L2 on the right
Term
The accessory drainage of the left side is done primarily by the ____ and joins the azygos vein at ___
Definition
hemiazygos vein and joins the azygos at T8
Term
In the right atrium __ of the blood flows in passively to the right ventricle
Definition
80%
Term
___% of the blood is needed for atrial contraction
Definition
20%
Term
What starts at the sino-atrial node in the crista terminalis of the right atrium
Definition
P wave
Term
After the p wave occurs ____ happens
Definition
tricuspid closes and the impulse is sent to the AV Node
Term
When is end diastole
Definition
when the ventricles are filled
Term
When the SA node impulse to the AV node is delayed what is happening
Definition
ventricular tension is built up (isovolumetric contraction)
Term
AV nodal delay is also known as ___
Definition
P-R interval
Term
After isovolumetric contraction there is ventricular ___
Definition
depolarization
Term
Ventricular depolarization is also known as ___
Definition
QRS Complex
Term
Mid systole occurs when ____
Definition
there is enough pressure to open the semilunar valves to force blood into the pulmonary arteries
Term
Pulmonary arteries carry
Definition
deoxygenated blood
Term
What is the only 2 arteries to carry deoxygenated blood?
Definition
pulmonary arteries and the umbilical artery in fetus
Term
Blood sent to the lungs is oxygenated via the ___
Definition
bohr effect
Term
How many oxygen molecules bind to a hemoglobin
Definition
4
Term
How much hemoglobin is saturated with O2
Definition
97%
Term
After the semilunar valves close
Definition
there is isovolumetric relaxation
Term
Isovolumetric relaxation is also known as
Definition
the ST Segment
Term
Blood exit the lungs via the ___ into the
Definition
pulmonary vein; left atrium
Term
What vein has the most oxygenated blood
Definition
the pulmonary vein
Term
What part of the pulmonary vein charges an oxygen before it gets into the left atrium
Definition
the vaso vasorum
Term
What effect causes CO2 to be blown off
Definition
haldane effect
Term
In the left atrium __ blood passively flows into the left ventricle
Definition
80%
Term
How does the remaining 20% enter into the left ventricle
Definition
the p wave; atrial contraction
Term
Blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through what valve
Definition
the mitral valve
Term
The impulse is sent through what structure
Definition
the bundle of HIS
Term
What happens during the P-wave
Definition
Atrial depolarization and the atrium contracts last (20%) gets pushed in
Term
What happened during the PR interval
Definition
Isovolumetric contraction released from the AV node down with AV node delay through the bundle of His into the Purkinje fibers
Term
Where is the moderator band located
Definition
Right bundle of His in septomarginal recess of right ventricle
Term
The Purkinje fibers in the ventricle are 400 times faster than other neurons in the heart due to what factor
Definition
Intercalated disks and gap junctions
Term
What happens in the QRS interval
Definition
Ventricular depolarization in the ventricle contracts (systole)
Term
Where is the atrial repolarization located?
Definition
Hidden under the QRS complex
Term
What structures preevent the AV valves from blowing back from ventricular contraction
Definition
The chordae tendonae and papillary muscles
Term
What part of the QRS interval is sodium leaking into the cell
Definition
QR
Term
What part of the QRS interval is sodium leaking out of the cell
Definition
RS Ventricular depolarization
Term
What happens during the T-wave
Definition
Ventricular repolarization sodium outside the cell potassium inside the cell
Term
What happens during the U wave
Definition
Repolarization of the papillary muscle and potassium out
Term
What staff is there isovolumetric relaxation and no blood in ventricles where the valves are closed
Definition
ST segment
Term
An inverted T-wave over altered ST segment is going to indicate what
Definition
Myocardial infarction (blocked electrical pattern = scarring)
Term
What area would be indicative of acute heart failure
Definition
The J point
Term
The electro cardiogram (EKG) prevents the heart from what
Definition
Tetany from slow calcium channels long absolute refractory. Or plateaus making it impossible to fire the heart again
Term
Autorhythmicity is also known as
Definition
autonomic conductivity
Term
What causes autorhythmicity (heart beating on its own)
Definition
leaky sodium channels
Term
What nervous system speeds up the heart
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
What nervous system slows down the heart
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
The primary heart block will show what on the EKG
Definition
Elongation of the PR interval
Term
Secondary heart block will show what
Definition
Winkbocks phenomena elongation of the PR interval until 2 atrial depolarization show up
Term
What is a complete heart block
Definition
Also known as a bundle branch block no pattern to the EKG or a random EKG
Term
In CHF patients the blood backs up to the ___
Definition
left ventricle
Term
In CHF patients the back up of blood to the left ventricle causes ____
Definition
ventricular hypertrophy (to make the heart stronger)
Term
If blood is continued to be backed up into the left ventricle what happens
Definition
blood is backed up into the left atrium and then into the lungs via the pulmonary vein
Term
if there is a back up of blood into the lungs what are the conditions that could happen (3 things)
Definition
pulmonary edema/pulmonary hypertension
exertional dypnea
can't lay down (fluid in lungs)
Term
What continues to back up into the right ventricle what possibly could happen
Definition
Right-sided heart failure
Term
What is the main cause of CHF?
Definition
excessive hypertension
Term
What is the second main cause of CHF?
Definition
aortic stenosis
Term
What is the main cause of right sided Heart failure
Definition
Left sided heart failure
Term
What is the main cause of isolated right-sided heart failure
Definition
Cor pulmonale (COPD, emphysema, pneumonia, etc)
Term
If right-sided heart failure backs up into the superior vena cava what happens
Definition
pulsations of jugular vein
Term
If right-sided heart failure backs up into the inferior vena cava what happenes
Definition
Backs up to legs and liver via the common iliac and the external iliac
Term
The back up of blood into the internal iliac veins will cause
Definition
varicocele (back up of blood in the pudendal area)
Term
If back up of blood goes through the external iliac vein through the femoral vein on the medial side what will it cause
Definition
back up into the great saphenous vein on the medial side of the foot
Term
If back up of blood goes through the external iliac vein through the popliteal vein on the lateral side what will it cause
Definition
back up into the greater and lesser saphenous vein and patient will have pitting edema
Term
Early stages of CHF will exhibit what symptom
Definition
exertional dyspnea
Term
Late stages of CHF will cause what symptoms
Definition
pitting edema
Term
If there is a back up of blood into the IVC what is the pathway it would back up through the liver
Definition
heptaic vein, liver, central vein, portal vein, into the abdomen
Term
If there is a back up of blood through the liver what will it cause
Definition
Ascites
Term
What is the portal vein equal to
Definition
Superior mesenteric vein + Splenic/Lineal Vein
Term
What will the patient have if there is portal hypertension
Definition
acites
Term
What is the secondary cause of acities
Definition
alcoholism
Term
What is the most common cause of liver failure
Definition
alcoholism
Term
Alcoholism causes liver failure and what else
Definition
esophageal varicies which causes vomiting of blood
Term
What is the term hematemesis?
Definition
vomiting of blood
Term
If a person has esophageal varicies and is an alcoholic what syndrome may they have?
Definition
mallory weiss Syndrome
Term
If someone has Mallory-Weiss syndrome what deficiency do they have?
Definition
B1 Deficiency, mallory bodies in liver
Term
If someone has a B-1 deficiency due to alcoholism what disease may that cause
Definition
Wernicke korsakoff syndrome
Term
What is the disease not associated with alcoholism that has a B1 deficiency
Definition
Berry Berry
Term
What happens during the S1 heart out
Definition
AV valves close during systole isometric contraction
Term
What happened during the S2 Heart Sound
Definition
Semi lunar valves close (diastole) relaxation
Term
What happens during S3 heart sound
Definition
Ventricular filling normal in children; abnormal in adults ventricular gallop
Term
What happens during S4 heart sound
Definition
Similar to S3 heard in diastole (atrial gallop) normal in athletes abnormal in others
Term
Diastole equals what
Definition
Relaxation
Term
Systole equals what
Definition
Contraction
Term
When is end diastolic filling time
Definition
Before systole
Term
What does an echocardiogram do?
Definition
detects murmurs
Term
Arms and prts occurrs in
Definition
diastole (murmer)
Term
Arms stands for what
Definition
Aortic Regurgitation mitral stenosis
Term
What does PRTS stand for?
Definition
Pulmonic regurgitation tricuspid stenosis
Term
If arms and prts occurs in systole what do you do
Definition
Change regurgitation and stenosis
Term
Tunica Intima
Definition
inside of vessel
Term
Tunica muscularis (media)
Definition
muscular, largest
Term
Tunica adventitia
Definition
ouside
Term
Pulmonary vein contains the ___
Definition
vaso vasorum
Term
Where is the greatest resistance to pressure
Definition
Arterioles
Term
Where is the greatest cross-sectional area
Definition
Capillaries
Term
Coronary arteries dilate and constrict due to what
Definition
metabolic demand
Term
Other arteries dilate and constrict due to what
Definition
sympathetic response
Term
What is determined by aortic pressure
Definition
Afterload or systemic hypertension
Term
What is the blood pH normal levels
Definition
7.35 to 7.45
Term
Type O blood is
Definition
Universal donor
Term
Type AB blood is
Definition
Universal recipient
Term
What cranial nerves are the carotid sinus afferent and efferent fibers coming from
Definition
CN9 and 10
Term
Pathology of the heart: Tetrology of Fallot
Definition
DRIP
Dextroposition of Aorta (transposition of the aorta off the right ventricle)aka-dextrorotation
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Interventricular septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis
Term
Marfan's syndrome is commonly seen in what ethnicity
Definition
african americans
Term
What disease has heart defects, dissecting aneurysm, subluxation of lens of the eye, tall stature, long spiderlike fingers (arachnodactyly)
Definition
Marfan's Syndrome
Term
Valves are destroyed by
Definition
Rheumatic fever
Term
Mitral strep pyogene makes what
Definition
aschoff bodies
Term
Valve pathology is seen in
Definition
Group A lance field, B-Hemolytic strep
Term
What is the most common benign tumor of the heart
Definition
myxoma
Term
Inflammation of the heart is from what
Definition
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Term
The law of physiology that states anterior spinal roots are motor and posterior are sensory
Definition
Bell Magende
Term
Law of physiology that stats at constant temperature gas volume is inverse to pressure
Definition
Boyle's Law
Term
Law of physiology that states at constant pressure gas volume is proportional to absolute temperature
Definition
Charles Law
Term
Law of physiology that states minimum interval of time necessary to electrically stimulate a muscle or nerve fiber using twice the minimum current to elicit a threshold response
Definition
Chronaxie
Term
Law of physiology that states membrane potential on the inside of the membrane when 2 Univalent positive ions sodium and potassium and one univalent negative ion chloride are involved
Definition
Goldman
Term
Law of physiology that states gas solubility in a liquid is proportional to gas pressure
Definition
Henri
Term
Law of physiology that states Limits respiratory excursion via the Vegas nerve
Definition
Hering Breuer
Term
Law of physiology that states the tension in an artery will be proportional to the radius of the vessel
Definition
LaPlace's Law for arteries
Term
Law of physiology that states ventricular pressure depends on muscular tension, size, and shape of the heart
Definition
LaPlace's law for heart
Term
Law of physiology that states potential level across a membrane exactly opposes net diffusion of particle through the membrane
Definition
Nernst
Term
Law of physiology that state minimum electrical current of an infinite duration elicit a threshold response
Definition
Rheobase
Term
Law of physiology that states cardiac output is equal to venous return
Definition
Starlings law
Term
If Venus return exceeds cardiac output what happenes
Definition
CHF
Term
What is stallings law?
Definition
increased sympathetic firing will increase stroke volume which will increase venous return
Term
A decreased venous return will cause
Definition
an increased BP and a decreased stroke volume and ventricular hypertrophy
Term
cardiac output is equal to
Definition
stroke volume x heart rate
Term
what is the cardiac output if the stroke volume is 70 ml/min and the heart rate is 70 bpm?
Definition
4900ml/min
Term
what creates a long absolute refractory period
Definition
slow potassium leaking into the cell
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