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Physiology Lerose
Physiology Lerose
66
Anatomy
Professional
09/04/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Cerebral Sensory Area: 

Somatosensory

Visual 

Auditory

Gustatory 

Olfactory

Wernicke's 

Definition

S: Postcentral Gyrus (parietal lobe)

V: Occipital lobe, striate cortex, calcarine fissure

A: Superior temporal lobe, gyrus (Heschl's gyrus)

G: Base of postcentral gyrus

O: Medial temporal lobe

W: "receptive" portion of language (superior temporal lobe)

Term

Cerebral Motor Areas: 

Motor

Premotor

Broca's 

Definition

M: precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

P: Skilled movements (anterior to motor cortex) 

B: "expressive portion of language (inferior posterior frontal lobe) 

Term

 

 

 

Cerebellum 

Definition

Coordination of muscle contractions 

"SIN" Staccato / Slurred speech, Intention tremor, Nystagmus

Term

 

 

Thalamus 

Definition

 

Main relay between cortex and spinal cord "crude sensation" 

Term

 

 

Hypothalamus 

"tweaking"

Definition

Controls ANS and endocrine sysetm 

Controls body temp (median eminence), food intake, and thirst 

Functions in rage and aggression

Helps maintain waking state and sleep 

Releases somatostatin - decrease in secretion insulin and glucagon 

Term

 

 

Limbic System 

Definition

 

Emotional aspects of behavior related to survival, including the fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, the parahippocampal gyrus, and parts of the thalamus 

Term

 

 

Midbrain 

Definition

 

Superior colliculi coordinate eyeballs movement in response to visual stimuli 

Inferior colliculi coordinaet head and trunk auditory stimulus, CN's III and IV 

Term

 

 

Pons 

Definition

 

Pneumotaxic & apneustic - breathing origin of CN's V, VI, VII, VIII 

Term

 

 

Medulla 

Definition
Reticular formation (w/ diencephalon, pons, midbrain) functions in consciousness & arousal. Vital reflex centers regulate heartbeat, breathing and blood vessel diameter. Coordinates swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing & hiccuping. Vestibular nuclei help maintain equilibrium. Origin CN's VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Term

 

Cardiovascular Physiology 

Definition

 

Average 75bpm, 70-80 ml of blood per beat, heart behind 2nd-5th ribs. Normal BP is 120/80.

Term

 

 

Electrophysiology 

Definition
Pacemaker is the SA / Sinus node innervated by the Vagus nerve (X), decreases heart rate and prevents tetany, the impulse travels to the AV node, the Bundle branches of HIS and lastly the Purkinje fibers 
Term

 

Blood Flow

Definition
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, goes to the right ventricle, then to the lungs and its capillaries where it turns into oxygenated blood, it enters the left atrium and then the left ventricle and then to the body
Term

 

Ectopic Focus 

Definition

 

If the Sinus node "dies", the AV node takes over 

Term

 

 

ECG/EKG


 PQRST

Definition

P: atrial depolarization 

QRS: ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization 

S-T: .04 to .06 seconds wher ventricles squeeze to get blood from body all the way to the toes 

T: ventricular repolarization 

Depolarization = work 

Repolarization = rest 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

Valves

S1, S2, S3

Definition

S1: closing of mitral & tricuspid (AV valves)

S2: closing of aortic and pulmonic (semilunar)

S3: ventricular filling 

S4: CHF

Term

 

Tell me which body part is the connected to the following measurement system: 

EKG / ECG 

EMG 

EEG

 

Definition

EKG / ECG: heart 

EMG: muscle 

EEG: brain 

Term

 

 

Hydrostatic pressure 

Definition
force exerted by fluid against a wall 
Term

 

 

Osmotic Pressure

Definition

 

Created by plasma proteins unable to move through the capillary membrane. Contract solvent to go to it. 

Term

 

Diastole vs. Systole 

Definition

Diastole - the period of time when the heart refills with blood after systole (contraction)

Systole - contraction of the cardiac tissue in response to an electromechanical stimulus  

Term

Diastolic murmurs 


Most clinically significant 


"She Died in my ARMS and PRTS"

 

 

Definition

A - aortic 

R - regurgitation 

M - Mitral 

S - stenosis 

 

P - pulmonic 

R - regurgitation 

T - tricuspid 

S - stenosis 

 

*when doing systole, just switch the R and S to: 

ASMS PSTS

 

Term

 

Frank-Starling's Law 


aka Maestrin's heart law 


"Nike just do it"

 

 

Definition

 

 

Stroke volume increases in response to increase in volume of blood filling the heart

"Just do it"

Term

 

 

 

Davis' Law

Definition

 

 

Muscle will increase in size when used 

Term

 

 

Boyle's Law 

Definition

 

Inversely proportional relationship between absolute pressure and volume of a gas if temperature is kept constant within a closed system 

pV = k 

p - pressure of system 

V- voume of gas 

k - constant of pressure & volume of system 

Term

 

 

Hematology & Immunity 

Definition

RBC's erythrocytes produced - marrow children and adults 

Function - carry hemoglobin (15 g/ 100 ml) 

Production - embryo - yolk sac; fetus - liver, spleen, lymph, bone marrow; adult - membranous bone marrow 

Genesis - "HNRE": hemocytoblast - normoblast - reticulocyte (1% blood) - erythrocyte (99% - no nucleus)

Erythropoietin - made in the kidney, stimulates RBC production 

Life expectancy - 120 days, recycled in the spleen (heme is saved) *** Note: CO2 transported in blood by plasma bicarbonate 

 

Term

 

Iron 

Definition

Transport - transferrin (Fe +3) 

Storage - (Fe +3) + apoferritin = Ferritin 

Absorption - absorbed as (Fe+2) requires vitain C to remain reduced 

 

Term

 

 

White Blood Cells "Leukocytes" 


Never Let My Engine Blow 

60-30-8-30-0

 

Definition

Granulocytes - Basophies, Eosinophils, Neutrophils 

Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes, Monocytes 

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN) - Neutrophils 

Term

 

 

Blood Clotting 

Definition
Injury - constriction - platelet plug - clot - repair - prothrombin activator changes prothrombin - thrombin -, thrombin changes fibrinogen - fibrin - mixed with RBC's platelets & plasma - blood clot 
Term

 

 

Clotting Factors 

Definition

 

I: fibrinogen 

II: prothrombin 

III: thromboplastin 

IV: calcium 

V: proacclerin 

VII: proconvertin 

VIII: antihemophilic - Von Wilebrand carrier 

IX: antihemophilic factor B

X: Sturart factor 

XI: antih C

XII: Hageman factor 

HMW kininogen (Fitzgerald factor) 

platelets 

prekallikrein (Fletcher factor)

 

Term

 

 

Macrophages 

Definition

 

Alveoli - alveolar macrophages

Brain - Microglial cells 

Liver - Kupfer cells 

Tissue - Histiocyte or fixed macrophages 

 

Term

 

 

 

Muscle Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Cell 


Tropomyosin (mom) and Tropinin (dad w/ the calcium addiction) cover the actin (female children) from the myosin

 

Definition

Structure

Sarcolemma - cell membrane found in skeletal & cardiac muscle 

Sarcoplasmic reticulum - stores calcium to be released (skeletal muscle)

T-tubules - "telephone line to send the action potention into the muscle to the calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 

Myofibril - Two types, actin and myosin, ratio 2:1 

Myosin - thick, H Zone, cross bridges (ATPase attach to the myosin head)

Actin - thin, F-actin filament + tropomyosin +troponin (I bands) 

F-actin filament: contains the binding site 

Tropomyosin - "MOM" covers the F actin's binding sites 

Troponin - "DAD" (calcium addict) binds the calcium and moves tropomyosin off the bindings site

Smooth muscle - consists of actin, myosin, and sarcoplasmic reticulum 

"Calmodulin is needed for smooth muscle contraction"

Term

 


Skeletal Muscle Organization 

Definition

 

Sarcomere - Z line approximates to Z line 

A Band - contains both actin and myosin 

H band - myosin only 

I band - actin only 

When a muscle is contracted the I band becomes smaller but the A band doesn't change 

 

Term

 

 


Muscle Contraction 

Definition

Eccentric - muscle lengthens while it contracts 

Concentric - muscle shortens while it contracts 

Isometric - muscle contracts without joint movement or muscle lengthening 

Isotonic - muscle contracts with joint movement & constant weight 

Isokinetic - muscle contracts with joint movement & constant weight/ speed 

Motor unit - single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates 

Fast-twich muscle fibers: split ATP rapidly 

Ventral root fibers: alpha - extrafusal; gamma - intrafusal 

Strength of muscle - determined by numbers of muscle fibers recruited 

Term

 

 

 

Why does rigor mortis occur after death? 

Definition

 

 

Because cross bridges form but are unable to release 

Term

 

Spot Quiz! 

Calmodulin is for what type of muscle? 

High CPK, AtPase activity incrased is for which fibers? 

Low CPK, low ATPase activity is for which type of fibers? 

Impermeable to water occurs in which part of the loop of Henle? 

Definition

Calmodulin - smooth muscle 

high cpk - white / fast 

low cpk - red / slow twitch 

impermeable - ascending loop of henle 

Term

Another Spot Quiz! 

Ascites indicates swelling in what part of the body? 

Digestion of fats occurs where? 

What is anasarca? 

Definition

 

 

Ascites - abdominal swelling 

fats digested - duodenum 

anasarca - edema + whole body 

Term

 

Review of muscle physiology by Guyton 

Definition

 

AP by T tubules - SR becomes more permeable to calcium ions and diffuse into sarcoplasm around myofibril - calcium binds to troponin - troponin-tropomyosin complex moves to expose active sites 

Term

 

 

Renal Physiology 

Definition

 

Renal artery > interlobar > arcuate > afferent arteriole >glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries > venules > interlobular vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > renal vein > IVC > renal artery 

Term

 

 

Urine Flow 

Definition
Collecting duct > calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > bladder > urethra 
Term

 

Nephron 

Definition

 

 

Functional unit of the kidney 

Has two capillary beds 

Term

In the Nephron there is... 


Afferent Arteriole Flow and


 

Efferent Arteriole Flow 

 

 

Definition

Afferent - Glomerulus apparatus (fed and drained by arterioles) > PCT (reabsorption of glucose, AA, Na+ Cl-), Loop of Henle for countercurrent exchange and concentration > DCT (aldosterone, JG apparatus, Macula densa - regulates rate of filtration) > Collecting duct - ADH/ Vasopressin w/ H20 only > Urine > Peritubular Capillaries 

*aldosterone coming from the cortex keeps Na+ babes in and kicks out K+ bums 

 

Efferent Arteriole > Peritubular Capillaries > Urine - Renal tubule cells > Peritubular capillary bed (drains glomerulus) > blood 

Term

 

 

Kidney Formula 


E = F - R + S 

 

Definition

 

E: Excreted Urine 

F: Filtered in glomerulus 

R: Reabsorbed 

S: Secreted 

Term

 

 

Kidney Facts 

Definition

Filtrate / day - 180 L (other capillary bed: 3L filtrate / da) 

Bowman's Capsule  - Filtration (envelopes) 

Proximal Convuluted tubule - Reabsorption (cuboidal cells) 

Podocytes - cells form filtration membrane 

Loop of Henle - countercurrent concentration 

Vasa Recta - thin-walled vessels, parallel loops of Henle 

Distal Collecting Tubule - aldostereone reabsorbs Na+ and secreted K+

Reabsorption of filtrate: 1. 65% by end of proximal tubule 2. 99% by end of distal tubule 

Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - 120-125 ml / min, determined by hydrostatic pressure 

Renal clearance - filter in 1 minute determines GFR: insulin is used 

Juxtaglomerular cells (JG) - mechanoreceptors for blood pressure entrance afferent arteriole 

Macula densa - chemoreceptors by JG cells 

Aldosterone - from zona glomerulosa, absorbs Na+, excretes K+ result of angiotensin system, renin released from JG apparatus, stimulated by decrease in apressure of afferent arteriole (low BP) 

Erythropoietin - made in the kidney , stimulates RBC production 

Term

 

 

The Angiotensin Story

Definition
Angiotensinogen (Protein) is made in Liver, when a decrease in blood pressure occurs, it causes the Juxta Glomerular cells to produce Renin to convert the angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which travels in the blood. In response to this, the lungs make angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II which result in the constriction of blood vessels to increase BP, stimulates the release of aldosterone which increase Na reabsortpion and increases blood pressure 
Term

 

 

Acidosis & Alkalosis 


ROME

 

Definition

CONDITION

DEFINITION

COMMON CAUSE

COMPENSATORY

Respiratory acidosis

épCO2, & êpH

Hypoventilation

Renal: éH+ ions, éHCO3-

Respiratory alkalosis

êpCO2, & épH

Hyperventilation

Renal: êH+ ions, êHCO3-

Metabolic acidosis

êHCO3-, êpH

Diarrhea, ketosis, renal dysfunction

Respiratory: Hyperventilation

Metabolic alkalosis

éHCO3-,  épH

Vomiting, drugs, diuretics

Respiratory: Hyporventilation

Term

 

 

What are the normal conditions for pH, pCO2, and HCO3? 

Definition

pH: 7.35 - 7.45 

pCO2: 35-45 mmHg

HC03: 22-26 mEq / L

Term

 

Respiratory Physiology


"IRV & ERV are very good brothers, they share a TV in an RV, have TLC, very good care, inspiratory care and family reserve care"

 

Definition

TV: Tidal Volume 500 ml

IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3100 ml

ERV: Expiratory Reserve Volume 1200 ml 

RV: Residual Volume - 1200 ml resides in the lung 

IC: Inspiratory Capacity 3600 ml 

FRC: Functional Respiratory Capacity 2400 ml 

VC: Vital Capacity 4800 ml

TLC: Total Lung Capacity 5-6 L

Term

 

 

Mechanics of Respiratory Physiology 

Definition

Surfactant (made by Type II alveolar cells aka pneumocytes)

Lipoprotein - keeps lungs expanded, surface tension 

No surfactant - Hyaline Membrane Disease 

Diaphragm - Inspiration contracts, decreases pressure, air moves into the lungs 

Partial Pressure - oxygen concentration in the alveoli is controlled by: 1. Rate of absorption of oxygen into the blood 2. Rate of entry of new oxygen into lungs by breathing 

Term

 

 

Regulation of Respiratory Physiology 

Definition

Pneumotaxic center turns off inspiratory center before overexpansion of lungs 

 

Herring-Breuer reflex include stretch receptors-bronchi that prevent over-stretching of the lungs

 

Apneustic center prevents the turns off of the inspiratory center 

Term

Need to know: 

Bohr effect 

Haldane effect 

CO2 in blood as HCO3

CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin 

C02 dissolved in blood 

Definition

Bohr effect: carbon dioxide enters blood stream, causes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin

Haldane effect: carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin more bicarbonate ions

CO2 in blood as HCO3: 70% 

CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin: 20%  

C02 dissolved in blood: 7-8% 

Term


PITUITARY GLAND 

Definition

Pituitary hormones – Peptides

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

Portion of Pituitary

Anterior

Posterior

Embryology

Rathke’s Pouch

Neural Ectoderm

Connection to Hypothalamus

Hypophysial Portal System

Infundibulum (stalk)

Location

Sella Turcica – Sphenoid Bone

Sella Turcica

Hormones

1.     GH aka Somatotropin

2.     TSH aka Thyrotrophic SH

3.     Prolactin aka Luteotrophic

4.     FSH

5.     LH

6.     ACTH

7.     MSH

1.     Vasopressin aka ADH – controls water balance (retention/excretion)/ deficiency – Diabetes Insipidus

2.     Oxytocin – milk let-down

Term


PERIPHERAL ORGANS 

Definition

ORGAN

FUNCTION

HORMONES

TARGET

EFFECT

Pancreas-tail

Regulates blood sugar

1.Insulin-Beta cells

2. Glucagon-Alpha cells

Many Liver

êBlood glucose

éBlood glucose

Para-thyroid

Vitamin D

Thyroid

Regulates blood calcium

Parathormone (PTH)

Calcitonin

Secreted from parafollicular

T3  & T4 from follicular cells

Bone

éBlood Calcium

êPhosphorus

 

êBlood éCalcium

Phosphorus

Adrenal Cortex

1.     Zona Glomerulosa

2.     Zona Fasciculata

3.     Zona Reticularis

1.     Regulates salt balance

2.     Regulates blood sugar

3.     2nd sexual characteristics

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Androgens (testosterone)

Kidney

Many

Hair follicles

Reabsorb Na & secrete K – Salt

Increase blood glucose – Sweet

Hair growth - Sex

Adrenal Medulla

Fight or flight

“MEN

Medulla

Epinephrine (chromaffin cells)

Norepinephrine

Many

Increase heart rate, increase BP, increase blood glucose

 

Term


Exercise & Sports Physiology 


Strength, power, & endurance of muscles 

 

Definition

Strength - determined by size of muscle 

 

Power - measured by total amount of work in a period of time 

 

Endurance - measured by nutritive support (body learns how to be efficient)

Term


Muscle metabolic system in exercise 

Definition

Phospho-creatine system - aka creatine phosphate 

1. High energy phosphate bond - decomposes to creatine & phosphate ions, releasing large amts of energy (10,300 calories)

2. ATP - energy transfer from phosphocreatine to ATP occurs quickly (almost instantaenous)

3. Phospagen-energy system - cell ATP +phosphocreatine, quick bursts energy 8-10 second 

 

Glycogen-lactic acid system - stored glycogen in muscle split into glucose for energy 

1. Glycolysis - anaerobic metabolism, each glucose molecule split into two pyruvic acid molecules = 4 ATP

2. Lactic acid - due to lack of air (anaerobic), pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid, causes considerable amount of ATP formation 

3. Timing - can provide 1.3-1.6 minutes maximally muscle activity

 

Aerobic system 

1. Oxidation foodstuffs in mitochondria for energy: glucose, fatty acids, carbs, and amino acids 

2. AMP & ADP converted to ATP 

Unlimited time - as long as nutrients last 

Term

 


Fast twitch vs. Slow twitch Fibers

Definition


A fibers - FAST - twice as large as slow twitch, forceful, rapid contraction (jumping)

 

C Fibers - SLOW - endurance, prolonged strength, mintues to hours

Term

 

Comparison of Phosphagen, Glycogen, Lactic Acid, and Anaerobic Systems

Definition

 

Phosphagen

Phosphagen & Glycogen

Glycogen – Lactic Acid

Glycogen, Lactic Acid & Aerobic

Aerobic

100 m dash, jumping

200 m dash, basketball

400 m swim

800 m dash, 1 mile run

10,000 m skate

Weight lifting, diving

Baseball home run

Tennis

200 & 400 m swim

Cross-country skiing

Football dashes

Ice hockey dashes

Soccer

1500 m skating & running, boxing, 200 m rowing

Marathon run

Jogging

Term

 

 

Mouth

Definition

Starch Digestion

Ptyalin = salivary amylase

Parotid, Sublingual, submandibular 

Term

 

 

Esophagus

Definition

Esophagus

Transport

No Enzymes

Many mucus cells 

Term

 

 

Duodenum 10-12 inches 

Definition

Fat digestion & starch digestion

Pancreatic lipase & amylase, Brunner’s cells (secrete alkaline mucus)

Sphincter of Oddi: CCK; bicarbonate, transit through small intestine 2-4 hours 

Term

 

 

Jejunum 6-10 feet

Definition

Peptide, disaccharide digestion & absorption

Carboxy-peptidase from pancreas, most food digestion is completed here

Major reabsorption of water 

Term

 

 

 

Ileum 10-15 feet

 

Definition

 

Reabsorption of Bile B12 Peyer’s Patches – lymphoid tissue

12 feet long! 

Term

 

 

Small intestine consists of duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Definition

Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion

Crypts of Lieberkuhn’s (enzymes) brush border, plicae circulares, Goblet, Paneth and argentaffin cells

Enzymes: carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase,, dipeptidase, peptidase, dextrinase, glucoamylase, maltase, etc

Term

 

 

Gallbladder

 

 
Definition

Stores and concentrates bile

 

Cystic duct joins with common hepatic duct (from liver) forms common bile duct empties into duodenum. Enzymes: LDH, SGPT, SGOT, arginase, ALK, phosphatase

Cholecystokinin (CCK) causes bile from GB > duodenum CCK also inhibits gastric emptying 

Term

 


Pancreas

 

 

 

Definition

Digestive enzymes and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon

 

Pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, insulin and glucagon (Last 2 in the tail)

Secretin releases the bicarbonate juice. CCK releases enzyme-rich juice 

Term


Colon

Definition

Water reabsorption and electrolytes

Paneth cells kill bacteria

Bacteria in colon, Taenia coli (muscle), transit through large intestine 3-4 days

Term


Rectum

Definition

Storage for elimination

No taenia coli, columns of Morgagni

Cancer, recto-sigmoid area 

Term


Liver (4 lobes)

Definition

4 lobes: caudate, right, left, and quadrate

Produces, stores, & filters (makes bile) Kupffer cells

Hepatocyte cells; detoxifies, processes fats and amino acid, vitamin storage, makes blood proteins

Urea cycle (ammonia) 

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