Cerebral Sensory Area: 

Somatosensory

Visual 

Auditory

Gustatory 

Olfactory

Wernicke's 

S: Postcentral Gyrus (parietal lobe)

V: Occipital lobe, striate cortex, calcarine fissure

A: Superior temporal lobe, gyrus (Heschl's gyrus)

G: Base of postcentral gyrus

O: Medial temporal lobe

W: "receptive" portion of language (superior temporal lobe)

Cerebral Motor Areas: 

Motor

Premotor

Broca's 

M: precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

P: Skilled movements (anterior to motor cortex) 

B: "expressive portion of language (inferior posterior frontal lobe) 

Cerebellum 

Coordination of muscle contractions 

"SIN" Staccato / Slurred speech, Intention tremor, Nystagmus

Thalamus 

Main relay between cortex and spinal cord "crude sensation" 

Hypothalamus 

"tweaking"

Controls ANS and endocrine sysetm 

Controls body temp (median eminence), food intake, and thirst 

Functions in rage and aggression

Helps maintain waking state and sleep 

Releases somatostatin - decrease in secretion insulin and glucagon 

Limbic System 

Emotional aspects of behavior related to survival, including the fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, the parahippocampal gyrus, and parts of the thalamus 

Midbrain 

Superior colliculi coordinate eyeballs movement in response to visual stimuli 

Inferior colliculi coordinaet head and trunk auditory stimulus, CN's III and IV 

Pons 

Pneumotaxic & apneustic - breathing origin of CN's V, VI, VII, VIII 

Medulla 

Cardiovascular Physiology 

Average 75bpm, 70-80 ml of blood per beat, heart behind 2nd-5th ribs. Normal BP is 120/80.

Electrophysiology 

Blood Flow

Ectopic Focus 

If the Sinus node "dies", the AV node takes over 

ECG/EKG

 PQRST

P: atrial depolarization 

QRS: ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization 

S-T: .04 to .06 seconds wher ventricles squeeze to get blood from body all the way to the toes 

T: ventricular repolarization 

Depolarization = work 

Repolarization = rest 

Valves

S1, S2, S3

S1: closing of mitral & tricuspid (AV valves)

S2: closing of aortic and pulmonic (semilunar)

S3: ventricular filling 

S4: CHF

Tell me which body part is the connected to the following measurement system: 

EKG / ECG 

EMG 

EEG

EKG / ECG: heart 

EMG: muscle 

EEG: brain 

Hydrostatic pressure 

Osmotic Pressure

Created by plasma proteins unable to move through the capillary membrane. Contract solvent to go to it. 

Diastole vs. Systole 

Diastole - the period of time when the heart refills with blood after systole (contraction)

Systole - contraction of the cardiac tissue in response to an electromechanical stimulus  

Diastolic murmurs 

Most clinically significant 

"She Died in my ARMS and PRTS"

A - aortic 

R - regurgitation 

M - Mitral 

S - stenosis 

P - pulmonic 

R - regurgitation 

T - tricuspid 

S - stenosis 

*when doing systole, just switch the R and S to: 

ASMS PSTS

Frank-Starling's Law 

aka Maestrin's heart law 

"Nike just do it"

Stroke volume increases in response to increase in volume of blood filling the heart

"Just do it"

Davis' Law

Muscle will increase in size when used 

Boyle's Law 

Inversely proportional relationship between absolute pressure and volume of a gas if temperature is kept constant within a closed system 

pV = k 

p - pressure of system 

V- voume of gas 

k - constant of pressure & volume of system 

Hematology & Immunity 

RBC's erythrocytes produced - marrow children and adults 

Function - carry hemoglobin (15 g/ 100 ml) 

Production - embryo - yolk sac; fetus - liver, spleen, lymph, bone marrow; adult - membranous bone marrow 

Genesis - "HNRE": hemocytoblast - normoblast - reticulocyte (1% blood) - erythrocyte (99% - no nucleus)

Erythropoietin - made in the kidney, stimulates RBC production 

Life expectancy - 120 days, recycled in the spleen (heme is saved) *** Note: CO2 transported in blood by plasma bicarbonate 

Iron 

Transport - transferrin (Fe +3) 

Storage - (Fe +3) + apoferritin = Ferritin 

Absorption - absorbed as (Fe+2) requires vitain C to remain reduced 

White Blood Cells "Leukocytes" 

Never Let My Engine Blow 

60-30-8-30-0

Granulocytes - Basophies, Eosinophils, Neutrophils 

Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes, Monocytes 

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN) - Neutrophils 

Blood Clotting 

Clotting Factors 

I: fibrinogen 

II: prothrombin 

III: thromboplastin 

IV: calcium 

V: proacclerin 

VII: proconvertin 

VIII: antihemophilic - Von Wilebrand carrier 

IX: antihemophilic factor B

X: Sturart factor 

XI: antih C

XII: Hageman factor 

HMW kininogen (Fitzgerald factor) 

platelets 

prekallikrein (Fletcher factor)

Macrophages 

Alveoli - alveolar macrophages

Brain - Microglial cells 

Liver - Kupfer cells 

Tissue - Histiocyte or fixed macrophages 

Muscle Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Cell 

Tropomyosin (mom) and Tropinin (dad w/ the calcium addiction) cover the actin (female children) from the myosin

Structure

Sarcolemma - cell membrane found in skeletal & cardiac muscle 

Sarcoplasmic reticulum - stores calcium to be released (skeletal muscle)

T-tubules - "telephone line to send the action potention into the muscle to the calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 

Myofibril - Two types, actin and myosin, ratio 2:1 

Myosin - thick, H Zone, cross bridges (ATPase attach to the myosin head)

Actin - thin, F-actin filament + tropomyosin +troponin (I bands) 

F-actin filament: contains the binding site 

Tropomyosin - "MOM" covers the F actin's binding sites 

Troponin - "DAD" (calcium addict) binds the calcium and moves tropomyosin off the bindings site

Smooth muscle - consists of actin, myosin, and sarcoplasmic reticulum 

"Calmodulin is needed for smooth muscle contraction"

Skeletal Muscle Organization 

Sarcomere - Z line approximates to Z line 

A Band - contains both actin and myosin 

H band - myosin only 

I band - actin only 

When a muscle is contracted the I band becomes smaller but the A band doesn't change 

Muscle Contraction 

Eccentric - muscle lengthens while it contracts 

Concentric - muscle shortens while it contracts 

Isometric - muscle contracts without joint movement or muscle lengthening 

Isotonic - muscle contracts with joint movement & constant weight 

Isokinetic - muscle contracts with joint movement & constant weight/ speed 

Motor unit - single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates 

Fast-twich muscle fibers: split ATP rapidly 

Ventral root fibers: alpha - extrafusal; gamma - intrafusal 

Strength of muscle - determined by numbers of muscle fibers recruited 

Why does rigor mortis occur after death? 

Because cross bridges form but are unable to release 

Spot Quiz! 

Calmodulin is for what type of muscle? 

High CPK, AtPase activity incrased is for which fibers? 

Low CPK, low ATPase activity is for which type of fibers? 

Impermeable to water occurs in which part of the loop of Henle? 

Calmodulin - smooth muscle 

high cpk - white / fast 

low cpk - red / slow twitch 

impermeable - ascending loop of henle 

Another Spot Quiz! 

Ascites indicates swelling in what part of the body? 

Digestion of fats occurs where? 

What is anasarca? 

Ascites - abdominal swelling 

fats digested - duodenum 

anasarca - edema + whole body 

Review of muscle physiology by Guyton 

AP by T tubules - SR becomes more permeable to calcium ions and diffuse into sarcoplasm around myofibril - calcium binds to troponin - troponin-tropomyosin complex moves to expose active sites 

Renal Physiology 

Renal artery > interlobar > arcuate > afferent arteriole >glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries > venules > interlobular vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > renal vein > IVC > renal artery 

Urine Flow 

Nephron 

Functional unit of the kidney 

Has two capillary beds 

In the Nephron there is... 

Afferent Arteriole Flow and

Efferent Arteriole Flow 

Afferent - Glomerulus apparatus (fed and drained by arterioles) > PCT (reabsorption of glucose, AA, Na+ Cl-), Loop of Henle for countercurrent exchange and concentration > DCT (aldosterone, JG apparatus, Macula densa - regulates rate of filtration) > Collecting duct - ADH/ Vasopressin w/ H20 only > Urine > Peritubular Capillaries 

*aldosterone coming from the cortex keeps Na+ babes in and kicks out K+ bums 

Efferent Arteriole > Peritubular Capillaries > Urine - Renal tubule cells > Peritubular capillary bed (drains glomerulus) > blood 

Kidney Formula 

E = F - R + S 

E: Excreted Urine 

F: Filtered in glomerulus 

R: Reabsorbed 

S: Secreted 

Kidney Facts 

Filtrate / day - 180 L (other capillary bed: 3L filtrate / da) 

Bowman's Capsule  - Filtration (envelopes) 

Proximal Convuluted tubule - Reabsorption (cuboidal cells) 

Podocytes - cells form filtration membrane 

Loop of Henle - countercurrent concentration 

Vasa Recta - thin-walled vessels, parallel loops of Henle 

Distal Collecting Tubule - aldostereone reabsorbs Na+ and secreted K+

Reabsorption of filtrate: 1. 65% by end of proximal tubule 2. 99% by end of distal tubule 

Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - 120-125 ml / min, determined by hydrostatic pressure 

Renal clearance - filter in 1 minute determines GFR: insulin is used 

Juxtaglomerular cells (JG) - mechanoreceptors for blood pressure entrance afferent arteriole 

Macula densa - chemoreceptors by JG cells 

Aldosterone - from zona glomerulosa, absorbs Na+, excretes K+ result of angiotensin system, renin released from JG apparatus, stimulated by decrease in apressure of afferent arteriole (low BP) 

Erythropoietin - made in the kidney , stimulates RBC production 

The Angiotensin Story

Acidosis & Alkalosis 

ROME

What are the normal conditions for pH, pCO2, and HCO3? 

pH: 7.35 - 7.45 

pCO2: 35-45 mmHg

HC03: 22-26 mEq / L

Respiratory Physiology

"IRV & ERV are very good brothers, they share a TV in an RV, have TLC, very good care, inspiratory care and family reserve care"

TV: Tidal Volume 500 ml

IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3100 ml

ERV: Expiratory Reserve Volume 1200 ml 

RV: Residual Volume - 1200 ml resides in the lung 

IC: Inspiratory Capacity 3600 ml 

FRC: Functional Respiratory Capacity 2400 ml 

VC: Vital Capacity 4800 ml

TLC: Total Lung Capacity 5-6 L

Mechanics of Respiratory Physiology 

Surfactant (made by Type II alveolar cells aka pneumocytes)

Lipoprotein - keeps lungs expanded, surface tension 

No surfactant - Hyaline Membrane Disease 

Diaphragm - Inspiration contracts, decreases pressure, air moves into the lungs 

Partial Pressure - oxygen concentration in the alveoli is controlled by: 1. Rate of absorption of oxygen into the blood 2. Rate of entry of new oxygen into lungs by breathing 

Regulation of Respiratory Physiology 

Pneumotaxic center turns off inspiratory center before overexpansion of lungs 

Herring-Breuer reflex include stretch receptors-bronchi that prevent over-stretching of the lungs

Apneustic center prevents the turns off of the inspiratory center 

Need to know: 

Bohr effect 

Haldane effect 

CO2 in blood as HCO3

CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin 

C02 dissolved in blood 

Bohr effect: carbon dioxide enters blood stream, causes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin

Haldane effect: carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin more bicarbonate ions

CO2 in blood as HCO3: 70% 

CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin: 20%  

C02 dissolved in blood: 7-8% 

PITUITARY GLAND 

PERIPHERAL ORGANS 

Exercise & Sports Physiology 

Strength, power, & endurance of muscles 

Strength - determined by size of muscle 

Power - measured by total amount of work in a period of time 

Endurance - measured by nutritive support (body learns how to be efficient)

Muscle metabolic system in exercise 

Phospho-creatine system - aka creatine phosphate 

1. High energy phosphate bond - decomposes to creatine & phosphate ions, releasing large amts of energy (10,300 calories)

2. ATP - energy transfer from phosphocreatine to ATP occurs quickly (almost instantaenous)

3. Phospagen-energy system - cell ATP +phosphocreatine, quick bursts energy 8-10 second 

Glycogen-lactic acid system - stored glycogen in muscle split into glucose for energy 

1. Glycolysis - anaerobic metabolism, each glucose molecule split into two pyruvic acid molecules = 4 ATP

2. Lactic acid - due to lack of air (anaerobic), pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid, causes considerable amount of ATP formation 

3. Timing - can provide 1.3-1.6 minutes maximally muscle activity

Aerobic system 

1. Oxidation foodstuffs in mitochondria for energy: glucose, fatty acids, carbs, and amino acids 

2. AMP & ADP converted to ATP 

Unlimited time - as long as nutrients last 

Fast twitch vs. Slow twitch Fibers

A fibers - FAST - twice as large as slow twitch, forceful, rapid contraction (jumping)

C Fibers - SLOW - endurance, prolonged strength, mintues to hours

Comparison of Phosphagen, Glycogen, Lactic Acid, and Anaerobic Systems

Mouth

Starch Digestion

Ptyalin = salivary amylase

Parotid, Sublingual, submandibular 

Esophagus

Esophagus

Transport

No Enzymes

Many mucus cells 

Duodenum 10-12 inches 

Fat digestion & starch digestion

Pancreatic lipase & amylase, Brunner’s cells (secrete alkaline mucus)

Sphincter of Oddi: CCK; bicarbonate, transit through small intestine 2-4 hours 

Jejunum 6-10 feet

Peptide, disaccharide digestion & absorption

Carboxy-peptidase from pancreas, most food digestion is completed here

Major reabsorption of water 

Ileum 10-15 feet

Reabsorption of Bile B12 Peyer’s Patches – lymphoid tissue

12 feet long! 

Small intestine consists of duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion

Crypts of Lieberkuhn’s (enzymes) brush border, plicae circulares, Goblet, Paneth and argentaffin cells

Enzymes: carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase,, dipeptidase, peptidase, dextrinase, glucoamylase, maltase, etc

Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile

Cystic duct joins with common hepatic duct (from liver) forms common bile duct empties into duodenum. Enzymes: LDH, SGPT, SGOT, arginase, ALK, phosphatase

Cholecystokinin (CCK) causes bile from GB > duodenum CCK also inhibits gastric emptying 

Pancreas

Digestive enzymes and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon

Pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, insulin and glucagon (Last 2 in the tail)

Secretin releases the bicarbonate juice. CCK releases enzyme-rich juice 

Colon

Water reabsorption and electrolytes

Paneth cells kill bacteria

Bacteria in colon, Taenia coli (muscle), transit through large intestine 3-4 days

Rectum

Storage for elimination

No taenia coli, columns of Morgagni

Cancer, recto-sigmoid area 

Liver (4 lobes)

4 lobes: caudate, right, left, and quadrate

Produces, stores, & filters (makes bile) Kupffer cells

Hepatocyte cells; detoxifies, processes fats and amino acid, vitamin storage, makes blood proteins

Urea cycle (ammonia)