Term
| What is the primary function of saliva in mammalian species? |
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Definition
| facilitation of mastication and deglutination |
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Term
| In the dog/cat, evaporative cooling is _______ effective to that of sweating |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Additional function of saliva in ruminants |
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Definition
| essential for microbial digestion |
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Term
| What does the forestomach lack in ruminants? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Because large quantities of acid are produced in the rumen from microbial fermentation, what helps neutralize this to preserve rumen pH? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Salivary enzyme that only functions at neutral pH |
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Definition
| starch-splitting salivary amylase |
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Term
| 1 ATP is required for every ___ NaCl secreted into lumen |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cholenergic stimulation of glands is increased by aldosterone and results in |
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Definition
| increased HCO3 intracellularly |
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Term
| In nonruminant animals the duct system reabsorbs NaCl but H2O cannot follow, therefore saliva can become |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Ruminant saliva is always |
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Definition
|
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Term
| There is no H20 or Na reabsorption in the ruminant unless under the influence of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name 6 important gastric secretions |
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Definition
| H+, pepsinogen, mucus, HCO3, intrinsic factor, and H20 |
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Term
| HCl and pepsin participate in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Mucus ________ ______ and together with HCO3 protects the mucosal lining against _____ ______ digestion. |
|
Definition
| lubricates solids; acid-pepsin |
|
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Term
| Intrinsic facotr is required for normal absorption of |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of cells secrete gastrin and secretin? |
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Definition
| endocrine cells on gastric mucosa |
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Term
| Gastrin is secreted by ________ in antrum mucosa, where somatostatin is secreted by _______ in pyloric mucosa. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Gastrin production by the G cell stimulates hormones to increase secretions of _______ & ________, which stimulates protein synthesis and tissue growth. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits release of gastrin and secretion of HCl (acts as paracrine substance) |
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Term
| Proper gastric mucosa contains compound tubular glands that secrete |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| parietal or oxyntic cells |
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Term
| Pepsinogen is secreted by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Stratified squamous epithelium lining the forestomachs of ruminants has absorptive function for |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| chief source of ruminant energy |
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Term
| Hydration of CO2 in cells is responsible for continual production of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the power source for active transport of ions? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Passive transport is accomplished by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What ion enters the blood for every H+ ion secreted into the gastric lumen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does histamine play a central role in acid secretion? |
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Definition
| histamine acts directly on the parietal cell which secretes gastrin |
|
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Term
| Why is the stomach more acidic during the interdigestive period? |
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Definition
| food buffers neutralize the gastric acid in a full stomach, but the H+ content does not decrease when the stomach is emptied, therefore a more acidic environment is created |
|
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Term
| Where does peptic ulcer disease normally occur in the pig? |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous mucosal zone of the stomach |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ECL cells to release histamine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| parietal cells to secrete HCl |
|
|
Term
| What kind of diet predisposes pigs to peptic ulcer disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of finely ground diets causing peptic ulcers in pigs? |
|
Definition
| it increases fluidity of the gastric acids and decreases stratification causing acids to reflux and destroy the mucus free area |
|
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Term
| Ach stimulates ECL cells to release |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Release of histamine from ECL cells causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cephalic phase of gastric digestion |
|
Definition
| central stimulation of gastric release |
|
|
Term
| Gastric phase of digestion requires |
|
Definition
| presence of food in lumen |
|
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Term
| What is the number 1 mechanism to inhibit gastrin release? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit histamine release |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Oxyntic, cardiac, and pyloric zones |
|
Definition
| secrete mucus that forms a thick layer over epithelium |
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|
Term
| Sodium bicarbonate is secreted by |
|
Definition
| centroacinar cells and proximal ductular cells of pancreas |
|
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Term
| Continuous production of H+ and HCO3 ions is maintained by action of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound packages that store enzymes synthesized by pancreatic cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| trypsinogen due to its ability to attack membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion? |
|
Definition
| to balance the pH of intestinal contents, acting as a buffer |
|
|
Term
| CCK increases enzyme output from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates secretion of NaHCO3 from pancreas |
|
|
Term
| How does potentiation occur in respect to the interaction of secretin and CCK? |
|
Definition
| together they cause the release of enzymes and sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ruminants and pigs there is ________ secretion of bile into the intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In dog/cat, continuous secretion of bile is unnecessary because |
|
Definition
| consumption of food only occurs 1-2x a day |
|
|
Term
| During interdigestive periods bile |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hepatic bile and gallbladder bile? |
|
Definition
| hepatic bile consists of electrolytes, water, and several organic compounds including bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, and urobilinogen whereas gallbladder bile is much more concentrated because water and electrolytes are absorbed |
|
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Term
| In what direction does blood and bile flow in a liver lobule? |
|
Definition
| blood from hepatic artery and portal vein flow centrally into the sinusoids whereas bile drains peripherally into ductules to the bile ducts in the portal triad |
|
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Term
| How do protein-bound molecules access the hepatocyte? |
|
Definition
| by exiting endothelial sinusoids which have large pores that permit unrestricted passage |
|
|
Term
| Are the majority of bile salts charged or uncharged in the intestine? |
|
Definition
| charged, this way they are not absorbed by the upper intestines and sty in the lumen to digest fats |
|
|
Term
| Active transport and absorption of bile salts occur mainly in which part of the intestine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does bile go when it is reabsorbed from the ileum? |
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Definition
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