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Physiology II Digestion
Duke's Ch 24
83
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
01/22/2013

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Term
Dog and cat prehension
Definition
performed by head and jaws, draw fluid to mouth by tongue
Term
Horse prehension
Definition
performed by lips
Term
Cow prehension
Definition
performed by tongue
Term
Sheep prehension
Definition
performed by tongue and incisor teeth
Term
Pig prehension
Definition
performed by lower lip
Term
Domestic animals aside from dogs and cats
Definition
draw liquid in by suction
Term
How does mastication in the horse cause teeth to wear and turn into chisel-shaped grinding surfaces?
Definition
lateral movement of jaw, mastication occurs on one side at a time
Term
Carnivores/omnivores
Definition
vertical jaw movements, producing shearing action
Term
Swallowing or deglutination center
Definition
formed by collection of nerve cells located on floor of 4th ventricle of brain and stimulated by afferent impules arising from receptors in posterior mouth, pharynx, and epiglottis
Term
Bolus travels faster with _______ muscle in the esophagus
Definition
striated
Term
In the esophagus, a myenteric nerve plexus is present with what type of muscle?
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
Striated muscle in esophagus
Definition
found in circular and longitudinal muscle coat in most species
Term
Smooth muscle is found (in relation to esophagus)
Definition
caudal portion of esophagus in some species
Term
Primary peristalisis
Definition
peristalic contraction of the esophagus elicited only by a swallowing movement
Term
Secondary peristalisis
Definition
local esophageal stimulation by introduction of bolus or foreign body
Term
If primary wave fails to pass the bolus
Definition
the bolus itself will initiate secondary wave
Term
What two mechanisms induce increases in cystolic Ca2+ concentration?
Definition
Muscarinic receptor and smooth muscle depolarization
Term
During swallowing
Definition
respiration is inhibited because the nasopharynx and trachea are closed
Term
Peristalic wave differs
Definition
by species
Term
Na/Ca2+ spikes are needed to
Definition
activate contractions
Term
Adrenergic receptors
Definition
move calcium back inot intracellular stores
Term
Three motor zones of stomach
Definition
fundus, corpus, antrum
Term
Fundus
Definition
dorsal portion - reception and storage of contents and adaptions to volume
Term
Corpus
Definition
body - serves as mixing vat (saliva, gastric juice, and food)
Term
Antrum
Definition
gastric pump regulating propulsion of food past pyloric sphincter to duodenum
Term
Motor function of antrum
Definition
mixes injesta and delays passage of solid particles through pyloric sphincter
Term
Solids in stomach
Definition
are retained under high pressure until reduced in size
Term
Rate in which fluid contents leave the stomach
Definition
regulated by duodenal receptors responding to chemical composition of a meal
Term
When stomach is distended
Definition
mechanoreceptors in wall are activated and vagal tone increases
Term
Enterogastric reflex
Definition
mediates inhibitory control of gastric emptying
Term
CCK
Definition
cholecystokinin
Term
CCK receptors respond to _____ in duodenum and jejunum.
Definition
fat
Term
What types of gastric contents trigger slowing/inhibition of gastric emptying?
Definition
hypertonicity, acidity, irritants, excess carbs, lipids, and protein
Term
High concentrations of ____ will ulcerate the duodenum.
Definition
H+
Term
High concentrations of H+ that can ulcerate the duodenum can be caused by
Definition
hypertonicity - causing a shift in fluid from plasma to lumen
Term
Carnivores/omnivores vomit
Definition
with little inducement
Term
Stimulation of the distal esophagus in a cow will
Definition
stimulate regurgitation of cud
Term
Why does vomitus sometimes contain small intestinal contents?
Definition
initially during vomiting relex, proximal intestine retropels content into the stomach via reverse peristalisis
Term
Pigs vomit when there is
Definition
pharyngeal or gastric irritation
Term
Mechanism of internal vomiting in ruminants
Definition
ejection of abomasal contents into forestomach
Term
Instead of vomiting, horses
Definition
develop acute gastric dilatiation, which can lead to rupture of the stomach wall
Term
Central control of vomiting occurs
Definition
chemoreceptor trigger zone is stimulated by chemicals such as morphine, apomorphine, cardiac glycosides, and CuSO4
Term
Reflex control of vomiting
Definition
conducted by vomiting center, and stimulated by GI afferents
Term
Loss of H+ in the body due to vomiting can result in
Definition
metabolic alkalosis
Term
Neural centers of the emetic mechanism are located in the ________.
Definition
medulla
Term
Retching
Definition
when contents reflux back and forth between the esophagus and stomach
Term
Entry of vomitus into trachea is prevented by
Definition
closure of the glottis and suspension of respiration
Term
If vomiting persists
Definition
distal renal tubule will attempt to compensate leading to renal loss
Term
Small intestine performs
Definition
digestive and absorptive functions
Term
Digestion and absorption in the small intestine occurs by
Definition
mixing of luminal contents with pancreatic enzymes and bile, digestion of carbs, lipids, and proteins and maximal exposure to mucosa
Term
As injesta moves through the duodenum --> jejunum --> ileum
Definition
contents are retained longer as it reaches each section
Term
Longitudinal muscle function in small intestine
Definition
peristalsis - muscle contracts and inhibits circular muscle to widen the lumen ahead of the bolus
Term
Circular muscle function
Definition
Segmentation - contracts to result in content mixing instead of forward movement
Term
Digestive motility
Definition
functions to break down stomach solids via retropulsion and further mixing of digesta
Term
Interdigestive pattern
Definition
"housekeeping" occuring ~6-8 hrs to move contents out of small intestine and into cecum to ensure small bowel motility
Term
3 phases of migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)
Definition
slow waves no action phase I, slow waves intermittent action potentials phase II, spike bursts of action potential phase III - resulting in strong peristaltic contractions
Term
What initiates 'fed pattern of motility'?
Definition
feeding - goes directly into phase II like pattern with mixing, motility, and short distance peristalsis
Term
Intrinsic reflexes
Definition
peristaltic reflex
Term
Extrinsic reflexes
Definition
inhibitory reflexes (pain/distention)
Term
Small intestine is mediated by 2 reflexes
Definition
intrinsic and extrinsic
Term
What is the primary site of microbial digestion in the horse?
Definition
colon
Term
MMC is not interrupted by the fed pattern in
Definition
ruminants
Term
Fed pattern of motility interrupts the MMC
Definition
carnivores
Term
Unlike the horse - sheep, ruminants, rodents, and lagomorphs
Definition
digesta back flows from colon into cecum
Term
In the horse digesta moves from
Definition
cecum directly into colon
Term
The ruminant's longer small intestine produces a digesta transit time _______ to that of the carnivore.
Definition
equal
Term
The fed pattern of the stomach is
Definition
hormonally initiated
Term
Mid colonic pacemaker sends a wave
Definition
in both directions, however most move orally
Term
Pacemakers in the proximal colon send waves
Definition
aborally
Term
Spinal cord damage above the lumbosacral region results in
Definition
incontinenance induced by ileal outflow
Term
Animals infected with stomach/intestinal parasites display altered motility which will ________ transit time
Definition
increase
Term
During parasitic infection MMC is reduced and replaced with MAPC - migrating action potential complex which results in
Definition
strong peristaltic contractions which move faster through the intestine
Term
During infection/allergy hypertrophy of the muscular coat occurs
Definition
increasing strength of contractions
Term
What resident immune cells are responsible for initiating the altered motility in parasitism or allergy?
Definition
mucosal mast cells
Term
During infection/allergy if there is an increase in intestinal secretions of water and electrolytes what results?
Definition
diarrhea - aimed to clear small intestine
Term
If infected a 2nd time with parasites
Definition
immunological response triggers memory and altered motility and secretions take place more quickly
Term
Primary and secondary infections are mediated by mucosal mast cells which secrete ________ and __________ during infection.
Definition
histamine and serotonin
Term
Mucosal mast cells bear receptors for
Definition
IgE
Term
IgE creates turbulent effects including
Definition
partial degranulation of tissue and expulsion of worms
Term
Mast cells degranulate by
Definition
CNS control
Term
Enterochromaffin-like cells can release
Definition
histamine
Term
Endochromaffin-like cells act to regulate
Definition
acid-pepsin secretion
Term
As demonstrated in class with a screw and hard candy - by adding peaks and valleys
Definition
less pressure must be applied for crushing
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