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Definition
| performed by head and jaws, draw fluid to mouth by tongue |
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| performed by tongue and incisor teeth |
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| Domestic animals aside from dogs and cats |
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Definition
| draw liquid in by suction |
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| How does mastication in the horse cause teeth to wear and turn into chisel-shaped grinding surfaces? |
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Definition
| lateral movement of jaw, mastication occurs on one side at a time |
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Definition
| vertical jaw movements, producing shearing action |
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Term
| Swallowing or deglutination center |
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Definition
| formed by collection of nerve cells located on floor of 4th ventricle of brain and stimulated by afferent impules arising from receptors in posterior mouth, pharynx, and epiglottis |
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| Bolus travels faster with _______ muscle in the esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
| In the esophagus, a myenteric nerve plexus is present with what type of muscle? |
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Definition
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| Striated muscle in esophagus |
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Definition
| found in circular and longitudinal muscle coat in most species |
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| Smooth muscle is found (in relation to esophagus) |
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Definition
| caudal portion of esophagus in some species |
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Definition
| peristalic contraction of the esophagus elicited only by a swallowing movement |
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Definition
| local esophageal stimulation by introduction of bolus or foreign body |
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Term
| If primary wave fails to pass the bolus |
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Definition
| the bolus itself will initiate secondary wave |
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Term
| What two mechanisms induce increases in cystolic Ca2+ concentration? |
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Definition
| Muscarinic receptor and smooth muscle depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| respiration is inhibited because the nasopharynx and trachea are closed |
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Definition
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| Na/Ca2+ spikes are needed to |
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Definition
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Definition
| move calcium back inot intracellular stores |
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| Three motor zones of stomach |
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Definition
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Definition
| dorsal portion - reception and storage of contents and adaptions to volume |
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Definition
| body - serves as mixing vat (saliva, gastric juice, and food) |
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Definition
| gastric pump regulating propulsion of food past pyloric sphincter to duodenum |
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Definition
| mixes injesta and delays passage of solid particles through pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
| are retained under high pressure until reduced in size |
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| Rate in which fluid contents leave the stomach |
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Definition
| regulated by duodenal receptors responding to chemical composition of a meal |
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Term
| When stomach is distended |
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Definition
| mechanoreceptors in wall are activated and vagal tone increases |
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Definition
| mediates inhibitory control of gastric emptying |
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Definition
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| CCK receptors respond to _____ in duodenum and jejunum. |
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Definition
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| What types of gastric contents trigger slowing/inhibition of gastric emptying? |
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Definition
| hypertonicity, acidity, irritants, excess carbs, lipids, and protein |
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Term
| High concentrations of ____ will ulcerate the duodenum. |
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Definition
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Term
| High concentrations of H+ that can ulcerate the duodenum can be caused by |
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Definition
| hypertonicity - causing a shift in fluid from plasma to lumen |
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Term
| Carnivores/omnivores vomit |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulation of the distal esophagus in a cow will |
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Definition
| stimulate regurgitation of cud |
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Term
| Why does vomitus sometimes contain small intestinal contents? |
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Definition
| initially during vomiting relex, proximal intestine retropels content into the stomach via reverse peristalisis |
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Term
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Definition
| pharyngeal or gastric irritation |
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Term
| Mechanism of internal vomiting in ruminants |
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Definition
| ejection of abomasal contents into forestomach |
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Term
| Instead of vomiting, horses |
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Definition
| develop acute gastric dilatiation, which can lead to rupture of the stomach wall |
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Term
| Central control of vomiting occurs |
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Definition
| chemoreceptor trigger zone is stimulated by chemicals such as morphine, apomorphine, cardiac glycosides, and CuSO4 |
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Term
| Reflex control of vomiting |
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Definition
| conducted by vomiting center, and stimulated by GI afferents |
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Term
| Loss of H+ in the body due to vomiting can result in |
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Definition
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| Neural centers of the emetic mechanism are located in the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when contents reflux back and forth between the esophagus and stomach |
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Term
| Entry of vomitus into trachea is prevented by |
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Definition
| closure of the glottis and suspension of respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| distal renal tubule will attempt to compensate leading to renal loss |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive and absorptive functions |
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Term
| Digestion and absorption in the small intestine occurs by |
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Definition
| mixing of luminal contents with pancreatic enzymes and bile, digestion of carbs, lipids, and proteins and maximal exposure to mucosa |
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Term
| As injesta moves through the duodenum --> jejunum --> ileum |
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Definition
| contents are retained longer as it reaches each section |
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Term
| Longitudinal muscle function in small intestine |
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Definition
| peristalsis - muscle contracts and inhibits circular muscle to widen the lumen ahead of the bolus |
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Term
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Definition
| Segmentation - contracts to result in content mixing instead of forward movement |
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Definition
| functions to break down stomach solids via retropulsion and further mixing of digesta |
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Term
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Definition
| "housekeeping" occuring ~6-8 hrs to move contents out of small intestine and into cecum to ensure small bowel motility |
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Term
| 3 phases of migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) |
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Definition
| slow waves no action phase I, slow waves intermittent action potentials phase II, spike bursts of action potential phase III - resulting in strong peristaltic contractions |
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Term
| What initiates 'fed pattern of motility'? |
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Definition
| feeding - goes directly into phase II like pattern with mixing, motility, and short distance peristalsis |
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Definition
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Definition
| inhibitory reflexes (pain/distention) |
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| Small intestine is mediated by 2 reflexes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary site of microbial digestion in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| MMC is not interrupted by the fed pattern in |
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Definition
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| Fed pattern of motility interrupts the MMC |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike the horse - sheep, ruminants, rodents, and lagomorphs |
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Definition
| digesta back flows from colon into cecum |
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Term
| In the horse digesta moves from |
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Definition
| cecum directly into colon |
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Term
| The ruminant's longer small intestine produces a digesta transit time _______ to that of the carnivore. |
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Definition
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Term
| The fed pattern of the stomach is |
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Definition
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Term
| Mid colonic pacemaker sends a wave |
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Definition
| in both directions, however most move orally |
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Term
| Pacemakers in the proximal colon send waves |
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Definition
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Term
| Spinal cord damage above the lumbosacral region results in |
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Definition
| incontinenance induced by ileal outflow |
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Term
| Animals infected with stomach/intestinal parasites display altered motility which will ________ transit time |
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Definition
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Term
| During parasitic infection MMC is reduced and replaced with MAPC - migrating action potential complex which results in |
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Definition
| strong peristaltic contractions which move faster through the intestine |
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Term
| During infection/allergy hypertrophy of the muscular coat occurs |
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Definition
| increasing strength of contractions |
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Term
| What resident immune cells are responsible for initiating the altered motility in parasitism or allergy? |
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Definition
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Term
| During infection/allergy if there is an increase in intestinal secretions of water and electrolytes what results? |
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Definition
| diarrhea - aimed to clear small intestine |
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Term
| If infected a 2nd time with parasites |
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Definition
| immunological response triggers memory and altered motility and secretions take place more quickly |
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Term
| Primary and secondary infections are mediated by mucosal mast cells which secrete ________ and __________ during infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mucosal mast cells bear receptors for |
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Definition
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| IgE creates turbulent effects including |
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Definition
| partial degranulation of tissue and expulsion of worms |
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Term
| Mast cells degranulate by |
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Definition
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Term
| Enterochromaffin-like cells can release |
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Definition
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Term
| Endochromaffin-like cells act to regulate |
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Definition
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Term
| As demonstrated in class with a screw and hard candy - by adding peaks and valleys |
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Definition
| less pressure must be applied for crushing |
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