Term
| In carnivores, digestion is mainly |
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Definition
| enzymatic and microbial digestion is minimal |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Transit time is _______ in herbivores than carnivores. |
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Definition
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Term
| Those with simple stomachs usually digest |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Ruminants and horses eat plant matter which is considered |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Continual grazing of horses and ruminants is required due to |
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Definition
| the low energy content of plant matter and for continual musculature contraction of the digestive tract |
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Term
| How do ruminants maintain blood glucose concentration considering very little blood glucose is absorbed under natural fermentative conditions? |
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Definition
| glucose is produced in the liver by short chain fatty acids |
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Term
| Fermantation and SCFA metabolism is ______ efficient than direct absorption of glucose from the gut. |
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Definition
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Term
| In ruminants, what is formed and often utilized by microorganisms to for microbial protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| The major end product of carbohydrate digestion in the horse is ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue, vessels, nerves - submucosal plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| circular muscle and longitudinal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two ganglia that have plexuses in the intestinal wall are |
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Definition
| submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus |
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Term
| The myenteric plexus lies between the |
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Definition
| circular and longitudinal muscle layers |
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Term
| Circular muscle _______, while longitudinal muscle ______ __________. |
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Definition
| constricts, runs lengthwise |
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Term
| The myenteric and submucosal plexuses make up the |
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Definition
| ENS - enteric nervous system |
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Term
| Neural control of gut function is controlled by the _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the ruminant, urea - non protein nitrogen can be utilized to synthesize _______ _______ and takes place in the __________. |
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Definition
| microbial protein, forestomach |
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Term
| Why are horses less efficient at digestion than ruminants? |
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Definition
| Passage rates through the large intestine are faster in the horse than in ruminants meaning there is less time spent digesting, resulting in loss of efficiency |
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Term
| Layers of the intestinal wall in their order of appearance from lumen to serosa. |
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Definition
| Lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
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Term
| The submucosal plexus lies between the |
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Definition
| muscularis externa and the submucosa |
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Term
| What is the orientation of the two smooth muscle layers? |
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Definition
| The innermost layer is circular and the outermost layer is longitudinal |
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Term
| What are the receptors for preganglionic neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| nicotinic/cholenergic receptors for ACh |
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Term
| What are the receptors for postganglionic neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| adrenergic(S), muscarinic(PS) for Ach, as well as somatostatin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors |
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Term
| What is the route and potential for sympathetic sensory (afferent) neurons? |
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Definition
| the fibers synapse at the dorsal root ganglion in the spinal cord |
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Term
| Where do parasympathetic, preganglionic neurons synapse? What is the major transmitter at this location? |
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Definition
| at the ganglion of the myenteric and submucosa plexuses and use ACh as their main neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Can basic peristalic reflex take place with all CNS connections severed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increases contractile activity and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases contractile ability, motility, secretions, blood flow, and can also can inhibit Ach release |
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Term
| Name two ways in which adrenergic stimulation can exert its inhibitory effects |
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Definition
| by inhibiting Ach release and can inhibit epithelium and muscle directly |
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Term
| What are the ENS neurons that contain inhibitory substances known as? |
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Definition
| NANC – noncholinergic, nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| intestinal obstruction caused by inhibition of motor activity (hypomotility) can be due to surgery, peritonitis, or mechanical obstruction |
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Term
| Name the reflex associated with simple obstruction |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| when an obstruction occurs motility is increased cranially while motility is decreased caudally from the point of obstruction; cholinergic nerves are involved as well as NANC neurons |
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Term
| What is the response to persistent obstruction and finally, severe distention? |
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Definition
| longer segments of intestine become inhibited until complete paralysis of the intestinal tract |
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Term
| What substances released from postganglionic adrenergic and enteric nerves induce inhibition? |
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Definition
| NPY - neuropeptide Y and NO - nitrous oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from neural crest of embryo and distribute thorughout GI to synthesize peptide hormones and amines |
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Term
| Cells that secrete gastrin, secretin, and CCK are located |
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Definition
| in the stomach and proximal small intestine |
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Term
| How are the enteroendocrine secretions transmitted? |
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Definition
| secreted in blood or from cell to immediate vicinity |
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Term
| CCK, gastrin, and secretin |
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Definition
| initiate gastric and intestinal phases of digestion |
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Term
| How does the location of cells secreting enteroglucagon and peptide YY correlate with their function? |
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Definition
| located in the distal small intestine, function as the “ileal brake” that slows gastric emptying and small intestinal transit, promoting increased small intestinal absorption. |
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Term
| Systemic hormones have potent effects on |
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Definition
| water and electrolyte transport in gut and kidney |
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Term
| Resident cells in lamina propria are capable of |
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Definition
| secreting basal amounts of soluable mediators to perform "housekeeping" functions and have local regulatory action on motor, secretory, and barrier function |
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Term
| Prostaglandins and nitrous oxide |
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Definition
| protect and maintain mucosal epithelial barrier and mucosal blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate cell to cell communication, mostly between leukocytes and stimulate cell and mucosal growth |
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Term
| What are the 4 growth factors present GI tract? |
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Definition
| Epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor |
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Term
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Definition
| are secreted by mast cells and have direct action on smooth muscle cell contractibility and epithelial cell electrolyte secretion |
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Term
| Micro amounts of hydrogen peroxide secreted by phagocytes weakly stimulate epithelial cells to |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| receptors binding to transmitters due to degree of attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to activate the intracellular machinery that mediates the physiological response |
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Term
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Definition
| having both affinity and efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| react with receptors but lack efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| remain on exterior of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| activate intracellular machinery inside the cell |
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Term
| Hormones and mediators are recognized by receptors that trigger release of |
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Definition
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