Selectively permeable

Rich in glycoproteins

Collagen meshwork

Red

Acidophilic

cytoplasm, elastic fibers, collagen, secretory vesicles

What is this?

[image]

1) Lamina Lucida - anchors basement membrane to epithelial cell

2) Lamina Densa - selectively permeable membrane

3) Lamina Fibroreticularis - Anchors basement membrane to underlying CT

[image]

[image]

What epithelial cell type is this?

Name one place this can be found

Simple columnar epithelium

Gall Bladder

[image]

What epithelial cell type is this?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

[image]

Name the layers

C - Stratum Corneum

G - Stratum Granulosum

S - Stratum Spinosum

B - Stratum Basale

Corneum is the outer most layer of the epidermis

Corium is Latin for dermis

[image]

What type of gland is this?

Apocrine, Merocrine or Holocrine

[image]

Name all three gland types by product produced

[image]

Serous, Mixed (w/ serous demilune pointed out) and Mucous

[image]

What is the arrow pointing to?

Hyaline and elastic cartilage

Can be found in the vitreous humour of the eye

All of the space between CT fibers and cells

It is an amorphous aqeous gel-like solution, containing water and GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)

Ha! idiot. No.

The proteoglycan aggregate (GAGs attached to Hyaluronic acid) bind water and resist compression force....what an idiot.

Tendon, ligament and cornea

Dense CT does not have a good blood supply

Chondroclast

[image]

Mesenchymal cells that lie adjacent to cartilage. 

These cells will eventually become committed to making cartilage (They will eventually become chondroblasts...duh!)

Growth from within - refers to the ability of chondrocytes to undergo mitosis

Only occurs in young growing animals

[image]

Name the type of cartilage

No...

<3

Stratum internum, also known as the stratum lamellatum

The stratum internum also produces the "white line"

1 - Perioplic corium

2 - Stratum medium

3 - Sole corium

Top to bottom:

- Coronary corium

- Stratum Externum (periople)

- Laminar corium

1 - sole epidermis

2 - White line

3 - Stratum lamellatum

The membrane that surrounds all bones, except the joints of long bones. 

It consists of DENSE IRREGULAR CT with a fibrous outer layer (contains fibroblasts) and a osteogenic inner layer (contains progenitor cells)

Lines the medullary cavity, where bone marrow and shit lives

It is the CT in the osteon

[image]

[image]

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

Small itestines

Kidney

Bone

Increased Ca reabsorption

Increased phosphate reabsorption

Inhibits Hydroxylation (Introducing hydroxyl group to organic compound, -OH group you, duh!)

[image]

Are these active or inactive osteoblasts?

Hell no. That shit be Avascular.

The growth plate prevents metaphyseal blood supply from anastomosing with blood supply from the epiphysis. 

Active osteoblasts take on a columnar appearance

Osteocytes in their lacuna

Woven bone is immature or fibrous bone, that is why it can be sectioned easily

The matrix is usually eosinophilic

Developing areas

fracture repair sites

bone cancer

-If woven bone is found in an adult, it usually represents some pathologic issue

Adult bones! hahaha bone.

- it is highly organized in layers

- generally organized around blood vessels

Trabecular bone

Also known as Cancellous bone

Also know as fucking spongy bone

Cortical bone or compact bone

- This is typically found in the diaphysis

Bone layers that are added by appositional growth

- Outer circumferential bone is contributed by the periosteum

- Inner circumferential bone is added by the endosteum

- Mesenchymal cells will clump together and commit to becoming osteoblasts. These cells will begin creating woven bone, which will eventually be replaced by mature bone.

- Bones formed in this manner are generally non-weight bearing (flat bones of the skull & Clavicle)

[image]

Eermahgerd! WTF kind of ossification is this?

Mesenchymal cells aggregate and commit to a chondroblast lineage. These cells secrete a cartilage scaffold that grows both interstitially and appositionally. This is eventually replaced with woven bone, and then lamellar bone. 

Found in the long bones. get it?

[image]

The black arrow is pointing to a primary ossification center. The Hyaline cartilage on the epiphysis of this bone will eventually turn into what?

Reverse zone - abuts the epiphysis and contains cells that produce cartilage

Growing zone - where chondrocytes are actively dividing

Hytrophied zone - where the cells begin to expand, this is the weakest of all zones and where fractures commonly occur

Calcified zone - where the matrix begins to calcify

Contributes to the diaphysis and metaphysis by appositional growth. 

Think of your arm (cartilage) in a long sleeve shirt (Bony collar), your shirt dictates the diameter your arm can grow

Very early in development, the connective tissue of the potential joint cavity undergoes a process called _______ where there is selective cell death that results in the joint space. 

Dermis

Capsules of many organs

Tendons

ligaments

aponeuroses

cornea

[image]

Wtf are these things?

1 - Loose CT

2 - Dense irregular CT

3 - Dense regular CT

S or curved shaped

[image]

matrix immediately surrounding the lacunae

increased water binding capacity

easily maintained by the chondrocyte

No striations

short spindle shaped cells

centrally located nucleus

involuntary (ANS)

[image]

WTF are these?

Smooth muscle on the left

Dense regular CT on the right

Blood vessels

Walls of viscera

Capsule of spleen

Skin

Pupil

Striated

Cells branch

Intercalated discs

Single central nucleus

Involuntary (ANS)

Voluntary

Striated

Can be very long

multi-nucleated

2 strands of globular actin protein and 2 linear strands of tropomyosin protein wound together as a helix. Globular troponin proteins are attached intermittently.

[image]

Epimysium - Fascia, external covering of muscles

Perimysium - Sheath that wraps muscle bundles

Endomysium - Sheath that covers individual muscle fibers

[image]

Acetylcholine

Glutamate

Serotonin

Epinepherine

Nor-epnpherine

Dopamine

opaties

Adderall, crack, meth, cocaine, speed, Justine, your mom

Parenchyma - functional tissue of the organ

Stroma - supporting CT structure where the parenchyma sits

Pigment cells that originate from neural crest (ectroderm)

[image]

Located in the Stratum Basale and play a role in sensory

From The Wiki:

oval receptor cells found in the skin of vertebrates that have synaptic contacts with somatosensory afferents. They are associated with the sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures. They can turn malignant and form the skin tumor known as Merkel cell carcinoma.

Increase moisture

Elevating temp.

Removing sebum

Increasing med. concentration

Slightly damage the skin

Anagen - period of growth (~3 months transition from telogen)

Catagen - brief period of growth, growth stops and changes from active to stopped growth

Telogen - long rest period - follicle atrophy

Modified fibroblasts - very delicate strand of collagen fibers and are less robust tham fibers found in the skin or tendons. 

They are important in anchoring small blood vessels and nerve twigs to the surrounding tissue

Smooth, no fibers present and an amorphous matrix

Can be found in Bones, joint surfaces, growth plate, articular surfaces, growing bones, trachea, support system of hollow tubular organs

Hyaline (Non-articular) - Good in young, fair in adults

Hyaline (Articular) - Good in young, Very poor in adults

Elastic - Good in young, Poor in adults

Fibrocartilage - Fair in young, very poor in adults

Basically, you're fucked once you grow up.

Region containing only Action

Refracts light (isotropic)

The entire myosin filament along with the actin

Does not let light pass through (anisotropic)

[image]

Which bands decrease during muscle contraction?

A, I or H?

Adhere to neurons and capillaries and assist in removal of excess ions and neurotransmitters. They also assist in exchange of nutrients. These are the cells that help form the so-called blood- brain barrier.

"tiny cells" that function in repair (phagocytosis), probably of monocytic origin

Wiki:

Microglia are a type of glial cell that are the resident macrophages of thebrain and spinal cord, and thus act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). 

the end parts of the axon that will form a synapse (connection) with the next neuron or muscle.

Oligodendricytes - form myelin sheath

Astrocytes - removal of NT and exchange nutrients

Microglia - Tiny cells that perform phagocytosis

Ependymal cells - line CNS cavities assist in CSF production

Schwann cells - Myelin sheath

Satellite cells - cells that support the neuron in ganglia

They are a membrane system that is an extension of the sacrolemma, and extend deep into each muscle cell. 

The T-tubules contact a sub region of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) called the terminal cisternae

The T-tubules will convey electrical signals to the SR to control the release of calcium and begin muscle contraction

Terminal Cisternae are sites of calcium release into the sarcoplasm

Fenestrated Cisternae are sites of calcium reuptake, also where calcium pumps are concentrated

Transmembrane channels in the sacrolemma open and lead to depolarization of the muscle fiber

That action potential is propagated across the sacrolemma, to the T-tubule system and to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium is released from the terminal cisternae

Calmodulin which activates a myosin light chain kinase.

Myosin gets phosphorylated and binds to actin. Myosin and bind and rebind to actin as long as it is phosphorylated

In cardiac muscle the T-tubule membrane contains voltage regulated Ca2+ channels known as DHP (dihydropyridine) receptors

Positive charge depolarizes the DHP receptor and allows Ca2+ to enter the SR

Ca2+ binds to Ryanodine receptors

Ryanodine receptors are also Ca2+ channels and release Ca2+ from the SR into the cytoplasm

Ca2+ then binds to the troponin complex to initiate the sliding filament process

Troponin is a Ca2+ binding protein in muscle fibers and it is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle

NOT in smooth muscle

Globular actin. 1 single ball of actin that combines to create F actin

[image]

F actin bound by tropomyosin, which is complexed over by troponin

[image]

Brain, brainste, and spinal cord

Efferent - Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS

Afferent - Carry impulses toward the CNS

Myenteric -  The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility.

Submucosal - This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae.

Located in the medulla of adrenal glands, they release Catecholemines, nor-epinepherine and epinepherine into systemic circulation, instead of to adjacent cells/organs

Stimulated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

M2 - The M₂ muscarinic receptors are located in the heart, where they act to slow the heart rate down to normal sinus rhythm after stimulatory actions of the sympathetic nervous system, by slowing the speed of depolarization.

M3 -  Located in the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, as well as in the lungs. With respect to vasculature, activation of M₃ on vascular endothelial cells causes increased synthesis of nitric oxide, which diffuses to adjacent vascular smooth muscle cells and causes their relaxation, thereby explaining the paradoxical effect of parasympathomimetics on vascular tone and bronchiolar tone.

presynaptic neuron, or parasympathetic neurons

-self regulatory to prevent over-activation of synapse through inhibition of pre synaptic membrane

- Receptor on parasympathetic neuron activated through spympathetic NT (norepinephrine) to inhibit parasympathetic action, initiate sympathetic action

Inhibit

- relaxation during sympathetic drive to increase airway diameter

Loss of sympathetic input to ocular structures

- Mitotic pupil - loss of tone to pupilary dialator

- Enophthalmos - loss of tone to periorbita (eye sits too far back) and 3rd eyelid protrudes

- Ptosis - loss of tone to m. levator palpeprae superioris, dropping or falling of upper eye lid

Found on SM and glands where their effects are primarily exitatory

Also found on endothelial cells where stimulation of these endothelial receptors produce nitric oxide which acts on adjacent muscle to produce vasodilation

Antagonist, blocker

competitively binds with receptors preventing the actual NT from binding

Skeletal muscle - Action potential (AP) reaches axon terminal. ACh is released and positive charge enters muscle fiber. AP propagates down T-Tubule and contacts the Terminal Cisternae which released Ca2+ from the SR to the cytoplasm. Ca2+ binds troponin which moves tropomyosin and allows Myosin head to bind to Actin filament

Cardiac Muscle - Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release. T-Tubule contains DHP receptors. When AP reaches the DHP receptors, they open and release Ca2+. That binds to Ryanodine which releases Ca2+ from the SR to the cytoplasm. The Ca2+ binds troponin like skeletal muscle. SR also contain Ca2+ pumps to remove Ca2+

Smooth muscle - AP generated by stretch-activated channels or NT's on the smooth muscle. Calmodulin binds Ca2+ and activates Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). This phosphorylates the myosin light chain and causes a conformational change in the myosin head. Myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) releases the phosphate from the myosin head to relax the muscle.