Term
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Definition
| uses raw material to synthesize essential compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| decomposes substances to provide energy cells need to function |
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Term
| Catabolism requires 2 essential ingredients? |
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Definition
Oxygen
Organic molecules broken down by intracellular enzymes
(ex. carbs, fats, proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 6 Functions of the Digestive Tracts |
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Definition
Ingestion
Mechanical Processing
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when materials enter digestive tract via the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemical breakdown of food into smaller organic fragments for absorption by digestive epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers and salts
by epithelium of digestive tracts
by glandular organs |
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Term
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Definition
| movements of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid of digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of waste products from body fluids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
produced by serous membrane
provides essential lubrication
separates parietal and visceral surfaces
allows sliding without friction
~7 liters produced daily |
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Term
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Definition
| excess peritoneal fluid causing abdominal swelling |
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Term
| Four Layers of Digestive Tract |
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Definition
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa |
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Term
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Definition
inner lining of digestive tract
lined by stratified squamous epithelium
includes: enteroendocrine cells
lamina propria& muscularis mucosae |
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Term
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Definition
loose connective tissue (aerolar tissue)
containing blood vessels
sensory nerve endings
lymphatic vessels
smooth muscle cells
scattered areas of lymphoid tissues |
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Term
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Definition
narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria
inner layer encircles lumen |
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Term
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Definition
layer of dense, irregular connective tissue
large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
may contain exocrine glands*** |
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Term
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Definition
plexus of Meissner*
contains:
sensory neurons
parasympathetic ganglionic neurons
sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| serous membrane convering muscularis externa |
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Term
| What moves digestive materials? |
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Definition
visceral smooth muscle tissue
has rhythmic cycles of activity |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction through entire muscular sheet |
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Term
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Definition
does not have a set pattern
does not push material in any one direction |
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Term
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Definition
Carbonic anhydrase converts H20 + Co2 to H2CO3
H2CO3 dissociates to H+ and HCO3-
H+ is pumped out to the stomach lumen by H+/K+ pump
HCO3 is exchanged by Cl- which increases Cl concentration inside the parietal cell
Cl- diffuses to the stomach due to high concentration in the lumen due high concentration in parietal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion of mucins and enzyme lingual lipase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
produce serous secretion
enzyme salivary amylase (breaks down starches) |
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Term
| Sublingual Salivary Glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Submandibular Salivary Glands |
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Definition
| secrete buffer, glycoproteins(mucins) and salivary amylase |
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Term
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Definition
Produce 1.0-1.5 liters of saliva each day
70% by submandibular glands
99.4% water
Buffers NCO3
Enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
moistening and lubricating materials in the mouth
initiating digestion of complex carbs by the enzyme salivary amylase |
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Term
| What accelerates secretion of salivary glands? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
3 layers
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis |
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Term
| Major Functions of the Stomach |
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Definition
storage of ingested food
mechanical breakdown of ingested food
disruption of chemical bonds in food material by acid and enzymes
Production of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Preliminary Digestion in stomach by: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
plays key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients
90% of nutrient absorption occurs in small intestine |
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Term
| 3 Sections of Small Intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium lines the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shallow depressions that open onto the gastric surface |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete intrinsic factors (required for B12 absorption) and hydrochloric acid |
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Term
|
Definition
most abundant near base of gastric gland
secrete pepsinogen (inactive)
HCL converts to pepsinogen to pepsin (break down proteins,conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin) |
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Term
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Definition
produce mucous secretion
G cells
D cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| somatostatin (hormone inhibits release of gastrin) |
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Term
| Where are motor neurons located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| control smooth muscle contraction which causes movement of materials along digestive tract and glandular secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
local reflexes
small segments of digestive tract
operate completely outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Higher level of control of digestive and glandular activities
control large peristaltic waves
involve interneurons and motor neurons in CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
18 peptide hormones that affect:
most aspects of digestive function
activities of other systems |
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Term
| Functions of the Oral Cavity |
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Definition
Sensory analysis of material before swallowing
mechanical processing through actions of the teeth, tongue
Lubrication: mixing with mucous and salivary gland secretion
Limited digestion** of carbs and lipids** |
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Term
|
Definition
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
produce a lot of mucus
when chyme arrives from stomach |
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Term
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Definition
watery intestinal juice
1.8 liters er day that enters intestinal lumen |
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Term
| Once chyme reaches duodenum? |
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Definition
weak peristaltic contractions move it slowly toward jejunum
via parasympathetic stimulation |
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Term
| If __________ hormones absent during fetal development? |
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Definition
nervous system fails to develop
mental retardation occurs
if T4 concentration decline prior to puberty, normal skeletal development will not continue |
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Term
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Definition
| allows passage of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes |
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Term
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Definition
promote absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bone
inadequate levels cause weak and flexible bones |
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Term
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Definition
maintains normal blood glucose concentrations
mobilizes lipid reserves |
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Term
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Definition
feedback control for appetite
controls normal levels of GnRH |
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Term
| _________ _______ secrete inhibin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
androgens in interstitial cells
testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
produces thymosins
help develop and maintain normal immune defenses. |
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Term
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Definition
Zone glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticularis |
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Term
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Definition
outermost layer
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) |
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Term
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Definition
middle layer
glucoccorticoids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mineralocortocoids
glucoccorticoids
sex hormones |
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Term
| Hormone released by adrenal medulla |
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Definition
| epinephrine & norepinephrine |
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Term
| Adrenal medulla is part of: |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Endocrine cells of pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts
enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ at kidneys, reducing urinary losses
Stimulates formation and secretion of calcitrol by the kidneys |
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Term
| Normal Blood Glucose Level |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid Hormones can bind to receptors |
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Definition
cytoplasm
surfaces of mitochondria
nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
helps regulate concentrations of Ca2+ in body fluids
inhibits osteoclasts, which slow the rate of Ca2+ release from bone
Stimulates Ca2+ excretion by kidneys |
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Term
| Folicullar Cells produce: |
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Definition
thyroid hormones
T3 and T4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
reabsorption of water
elevated blood pressure and volume |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary to Uterus |
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary to Ductus deferns and prostate |
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary to Kidney |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
glucoccortiocoids (cortisol) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen, inhibin and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| PTH causes and __________ in Ca2+ blood |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __ is needed for Ca2+ regulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce peptide hormones identical to GH-IH |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
accelerated glucose uptake
accelerates glucose utilization and enhances ATP
Stimulates glycogen formation
Stimulates amino acid absorption and protein synthesis
Stimulates triglyceride formation in adipose tissue |
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Term
| After glucose levels fall, _______ _______ in the pancreas secrete _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin _________ blood ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones increase blood glucose? |
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Definition
glucagon
glucoccorticoids like cortisol
GH
catechloamines (epi and norepinephrine) |
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Term
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Definition
insulin dependent
no production of insulin by pancreatic beta cells |
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Term
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Definition
most common form
insulin resistance
usually associated with obesity |
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Term
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Definition
calcitriol
erythropoietin
enzyme renin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Three phases of stress response |
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Definition
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
sympathetic activation
adrenal medulla activated
release of epi or noepinephrine |
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Term
|
Definition
glucoccorticoids (from adrenal medulla)
epinephrine
GH
thyroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
failure of electrolyte balance
inability to produce glucoccorticoids |
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Term
| Parathyroid and Calcitonin regulate calcium |
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Definition
promote absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bone
low levels can cause weak and flexible bones |
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Term
| Releasing hormones from hypothalamus |
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Definition
TRH -> TSH -> increase thyroid hormones
CRH -> ACTH -> increase glucoccorticoids
GnRH ->LH & FSH -> ^ inhibin, progestins, androgens, estrogens |
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Term
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Definition
regulatory hormones which blood vessels carry to the anterior pituitary gland
this vessel forms a portal system |
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Term
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Definition
| targets interstitial cells the secrete testosterone & other androgens |
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Term
|
Definition
| with testosterone present this FSH will promote spermatogenesis |
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Term
| What cells produce testosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of inhibin on gonadotrophins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ovary cell produces progesterone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ovary cell produces estrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the Large Intestine |
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Definition
reabsorption of water
compaction of intestinal contents into feces
absorption of imp vitamins produced by bacteria
storage of fecal material prior to defecation |
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Term
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Definition
| exocrine secretion of pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down complex lipids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 70% of all pancreatic enzyme production** |
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Term
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Definition
| break large protein complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| break small peptides into amino acids |
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Term
| After ovulation ___________ levels decrease |
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Definition
estrogen levels
and progesterone increase |
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Term
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Definition
male stays the same
female different throughout cycle |
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Term
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Definition
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