Term
| What is the purpose of bandaging the equine limb? |
|
Definition
| Provide protection & support while working, traveling, resting, or recovering from an injury |
|
|
Term
| What happens if an equine limb bandage is applied incorrectly? |
|
Definition
| Failure to do job; Discomfort; Restriction of blood flow; Tendon/Tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Give 4 reasons to bandage an equine limb. |
|
Definition
1. Provide support for tendons & ligaments during strenuous workouts
2. Prevent or reduce swelling (edema) after exercise, injury, or during stall rest
3. Protect legs from concussion & impact
4. Shield leg wounds from contamination & aid in healing |
|
|
Term
| How many layers does a proper leg bandage generally have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be required with a leg bandage if a wound is involved? |
|
Definition
| Gauze pads or a sterile, absorbent dressing |
|
|
Term
| How much padding is necessary in a leg bandage? What is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| At least an inch or more of soft cushioning material; help disperse the pressure evenly & prevent blood flow from being restricted |
|
|
Term
| What can be used as padding in equine limb bandaging? |
|
Definition
| Roll cotton, sheet cotton, leg quilts |
|
|
Term
| Generally, the longer a bandage is to remain in place, the _____ amount of padding is needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of bandaging materials. |
|
Definition
| Track or polo wraps, cotton flannels, roll gauze, bandaging tapes (3M Vetrap bandaging tape, Elastikon) |
|
|
Term
| How wide should the bandaging material be & why? |
|
Definition
| At least 2 inches wide to avoid a tourniquet-like effect & allow sufficient overlap as the leg is wrapped |
|
|
Term
| What can make joint bandaging easier? What does this allow for? |
|
Definition
| Using stretch fabric; Movement; Less apt to cut off circulation as long as it is not pulled too tightly |
|
|
Term
| In bandaging an equine limb, remove ____, _____, _____ or _____ to prevent _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| Dirt, debris, soap residue, moisture; skin irritation & dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| In equine limb bandaging, start with _____, _____ legs & bandages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In equine limb bandaging, what should be done if there is a wound? |
|
Definition
| Make sure the wound has been properly cleaned, rinsed & dressed. |
|
|
Term
| What may be required in post-operative wound/joint cases? (Equine limb bandaging) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In equine limb bandaging, how should padding be applied? |
|
Definition
| So it lies flat & wrinkle free against the skin |
|
|
Term
| Where should the wrap be started in equine limb bandaging? |
|
Definition
| At the inside of the cannon bone above the fetlock jt; Do not begin or end over joints |
|
|
Term
| Why shouldn't bandaging begin or end over joints? |
|
Definition
| Movement will tend to loosen the bandage & cause it to come unwrapped |
|
|
Term
| In what direction should the equine limb be wrapped? |
|
Definition
| From front to back, outside to inside, lateral to medial (Counterclockwise in left legs, clockwise in right legs) |
|
|
Term
| In what pattern should the equine limb be wrapped? |
|
Definition
| Spiral pattern, working down the leg (distal) & up again, overlapping the preceding layer by 50% |
|
|
Term
| How much pressure should be used on the support bandage? |
|
Definition
| Smooth, uniform pressure to compress the padding; make sure no lumps or ridges form beneath the bandage |
|
|
Term
| Be careful not to wrap the legs too _____; Avoid creating _____. Avoid applying bandages too _____. |
|
Definition
| Tightly; Pressure Points; Loosely |
|
|
Term
| If loose bandages slip, what happens? |
|
Definition
| They will not provide proper support & may endanger the horse |
|
|
Term
| How far should the bandages be extended in equine limb bandaging? |
|
Definition
| To w/i one half inch of the padding at the top & bottom |
|
|
Term
| How often should bandages be checked & why? |
|
Definition
| Daily to make sure they are securely in place & not cutting off circulation |
|
|
Term
| What should be done if there is a potential problem w/ bedding or debris getting into the bandage? |
|
Definition
| Seal the openings w/ a loose wrap of flexible adhesive bandage such as Elastikon adhesive tape |
|
|
Term
| How often should equine legs be rewrapped? Why? |
|
Definition
| Every 1-2 days to minimize the chance of circulation problems caused by slippage, or skin irritation due to dirt or debris entering the bandages |
|
|
Term
| Horses are usually ____ when radiographs are performed. |
|
Definition
| Standing (weight-bearing) |
|
|
Term
| Where are radiograph markers placed? |
|
Definition
| Laterally for DP; Cr/D in all other views |
|
|
Term
| What is the focal spot-film distance (FFD) in equine radiography? |
|
Definition
| 24-40 inches; average 30 inches |
|
|
Term
| What is the layman's term for the equine carpus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the standard views of the equine carpus? |
|
Definition
| DP; LM; DLPMO; DMPLO. Flexed L |
|
|
Term
| What are some additional views used for more specific carpal diseases? |
|
Definition
| Skylines: Proximal row, Distal row, Distal radius |
|
|
Term
| What should be remembered to properly label a radiograph? |
|
Definition
| Consider point of entry of the beam through the limb & beam's point of exit from the limb |
|
|
Term
| In a lateral film, where does the beam enter & exit the limb? |
|
Definition
| Enters laterally; Exits medially |
|
|
Term
| Where is the machine positioned in DP view? |
|
Definition
| centered on carpus dorsally; parallel to jt spaces; include distal radius & proximal MC3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the cassette position in DP view? |
|
Definition
| Palmar aspect of carpus; carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3 |
|
|
Term
| Can the ACB be seen in a DP view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the machine position in a lateral view determined? |
|
Definition
| Judge L b/o bony ridges of radius, ACB, MC3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the cassette position in a Lateral carpal rad? |
|
Definition
| M aspect of desired carpus; Carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3 |
|
|
Term
| Does the radiocarpal jt communicate w/ distal joints of the carpus? If so, which ones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the middle carpal jt communicate w/ distal joints of the carpus? If so, which ones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the carpometacarpal jt communicate w/ distal joints of the carpus? If so, which ones? |
|
Definition
| Yes; Middle Carpal (not RC) |
|
|
Term
| What is the machine position in a DLPMO view? |
|
Definition
| 45 degrees off D to the L side |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cassette in a DLPMO? |
|
Definition
| M aspect of desired carpus; carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3 |
|
|
Term
| What surface(s) of the carpus is(are) highlighted in a DLPMO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the machine position in a DMPLO? |
|
Definition
| 45 degrees off D to M side |
|
|
Term
| What is the cassette position in a DMPLO? |
|
Definition
| L aspect of desired carpus; Carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3 |
|
|
Term
| What surface(s) of the carpus is(are) highlighted in a DMPLO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the machine position in a flexed L view determined? |
|
Definition
| Judge L b/o bony ridges of radius, ACB, MC3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the cassette position in a flexed L view? |
|
Definition
| M aspect of desired carpus; carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the limb position in a flexed L view? |
|
Definition
| Flexed carpus; MC3 parallel w/ ground |
|
|
Term
| In a flexed L view, the limb is ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a flexed L view used for? |
|
Definition
| To separate out proximal row CB |
|
|
Term
| In a flexed L view, ____ is high. |
|
Definition
| "I" (ICB moves up; sits above RCB) |
|
|
Term
| 3rd CB _______ 4th CB in flexed L view |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examination begins ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal equine temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal equine pulse/HR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal equine RR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal bovine temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal bovine pulse/HR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal bovine RR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels are used to monitor equine pulse pressure? |
|
Definition
| aa: Facial, Transverse Facial, Great Metatarsal |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels are used to measure bovine pulse pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What MM are used to monitor equine CRT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal equine CRT/MM characteristics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What MM are used to monitor bovine CRT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is auscultated on the left side of the chest? (cardiac) |
|
Definition
| Pulmonic, Aortic, & Mitral valves |
|
|
Term
| What is auscultated on the right side of the chest? (cardiac) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closure of AV valves (Tricuspid/Mitral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closure of SL valves (Pulmonic/Aortic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early diastole/rapid filling of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which heart sound is "lub?" "Dub?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary auscultation includes _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is auscultated in equine GI evaluation? |
|
Definition
| Left & Right Quadrants; Ventral midline |
|
|
Term
| In bovine GI evaluation, what is auscultated on the left side? Right side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is head evaluation comprised of? |
|
Definition
| Sinus auscultation/Percussion; Symmetry of bones/mm.; CrN evaluation |
|
|
Term
| What sinuses are evaluated in the equine head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For testing CrN1, caution using ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Walk through maze/obstacle course; Menace response; PLR |
|
|
Term
| What are the afferent & efferent components of the menace response? |
|
Definition
Afferent: CrN2 (gesture)
Efferent: CrN7 (blink) |
|
|
Term
| What are the afferent & efferent components of the PLR? |
|
Definition
Afferent: CrN2
Efferent: CrN3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 components of PLR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CrN are responsible for position of the globe w/i the orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CrN are responsible for pupillary constriction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horses have a ____ pupil, whereas cows have a _____ pupil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does CrN 3 innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sign of abnormal CrN3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What eye mm does CrN 4 innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sign of abnormal CrN 4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What eye mm does CrN 6 innervate? |
|
Definition
| Lateral rectus & retractor bulbi |
|
|
Term
| What is a sign of abnormal CrN 6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does CrN 5 innervate? |
|
Definition
| Sensory to face/oral cavity; Motor to mm of mastication |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 branches of CrN5? What is the test for the afferent sensory component of each? |
|
Definition
| Ophthalmic (touch M canthus/cornea); Maxillary (touch L canthus/nose); Mandibular (touch lower jaw) |
|
|
Term
| What is the motor component of the mandibular branch of CrN5? |
|
Definition
| Motor mm of mastication; jaw tone |
|
|
Term
| What are the motor & sensory components of the facial branch of CrN5? |
|
Definition
Motor: mm of facial expression
Sensory: Lacrimal & Salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| Motor/Sensory of Facial n. separate at ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by a central lesion of the facial branch of CrN5? What test is used? |
|
Definition
| Dry eye; Shirmer Tear Test |
|
|
Term
| What is the cochlear component of CrN 8 responsible for? How is it assessed? |
|
Definition
| Hearing; Difficult to accurately assess |
|
|
Term
| What is the vestibular component of CrN 8 responsible for? How is it assessed? How is it tested? |
|
Definition
| Head orientation wrt gravity; Physiologic nystagmus = WNL (When head turned rapidly, fast phase in direction of mvmt) |
|
|
Term
| What test is used for CrN 9/10/11? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hypoglossal n. innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CrN are involved in facial symmetry/eye position/pupils? |
|
Definition
| 3, 4, 5 (mandibular), 6, 7 |
|
|
Term
| Which CrN are involved in menace? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CrN are involved? Touch M/L canthus of eye/palpebrae = blink/eye retract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CrN are involved? Touch nose/lower jaw = head shake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CrN are involved? Turn PX head side to side, observe eye movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CrN are involved? Shine light in each eye (PLR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which CrN are involved? Assess jaw tone/tongue strength = lick lips/swallow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CrN are involved? Assess symmetry of neck mm (+/- slap test) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 8 important components of the equine distal limb. |
|
Definition
| Suspensory ligament, DDFT, SDFT, P1/2/3, Navicular bone, common digital extensor |
|
|
Term
| How are equine distal limb structures evaluated? |
|
Definition
| W/ limb in flexed position |
|
|
Term
| How is laminitis evaluated? |
|
Definition
| Palpation of digital pulses, coronary band, hoof capsules; Horse should willingly lift each foot; Turn horse in small circles (both directions) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most accurate way to assess equine BW? What is needed? |
|
Definition
| Scale; Specialized equipment (may not be readily available) |
|
|
Term
| What is another method of assessing equine BW? How is it used? |
|
Definition
| Weight tape; Place WT around barrel/thorax @ level of withers |
|
|
Term
| In what breeds/ages are weight tapes inaccurate? |
|
Definition
| Drafts & mini horses; Foals vs. adults |
|
|
Term
| What do weight tapes fail to account for? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal deposition of fat |
|
|
Term
| What breeds are at risk for abnormal deposition of body fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what disease states is abnormal deposition of body fat noted? |
|
Definition
| Equine metabolic syndrome, Equine cushing's |
|
|
Term
| What system is used for BCS in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a 1 in the Henneke system? 9? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Following palpation (you must physically touch the animal) |
|
|
Term
| In the equine, what are the 6 points of evaluation for BCS? |
|
Definition
| Neck, Withers, Shoulders, Ribs, Loin, Tailhead |
|
|
Term
| Eq: What is the BCS? Bony structure easily noticeable in neck, withers, shoulder. Ribs protrude prominently. Spinous processes project prominently. Tailhead, pinbones, hook bones project prominently. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eq: What is the BCS? Neck, withers, shoulder accentuated. Slight fat cover over ribs; Ribs easily discernible. Fat buildup halfway on SP but easily discernible, TPs can't be felt. Tailhead prominent but individual vert can't be ID'ed, hookbones appear rounded but still easily discernible. Pinbones not distinguishable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eq: What is the BCS? Neck & shoulder blend smoothly into body; Withers rounded over SPs; Back level; Ribs can't be visually distinguished but can be easily felt; Fat around tailhead feels somewhat soft. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eq: What is the BCS? Fat deposited along neck & withers/behind shoulder; May have positive crease down back; Fat around tailhead is soft; Individual ribs can be felt w/ pressure but noticeable fat filling btw ribs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eq: What is the BCS? Bulging fat along neck & withers/behind shoulder/around tailhead; Obvious crease down back; Patchy fat over ribs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equine BCS range for Poor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equine BCS range for Moderate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equine BCS range for Fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What BCS scale is used in dairy cattle, sheep & goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What BCS scale is used in beef cattle & camelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weight tapes are available for ________. |
|
Definition
| Horses, Cows, Small ruminants |
|
|
Term
| Bo: What is the BCS? Deep cavity around tailhead; Bones of pelvis & short ribs sharp & easily felt; No fatty tissue in pelvic or loin area; Deep depression in loin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bo: What is the BCS? Shallow cavity around tailhead w/ some fatty tissue lining it & covering pin bones; Pelvis easily felt; Ends of short ribs feel rounded & upper surfaces can be felt w/ slight pressure; Depression visible in loin area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bo: What is the BCS? No cavity around tailhead & fatty tissue easily felt over whole area; Pelvis can be felt w/ slight pressure; Thick layer of tissue covering top of short ribs which can still be felt w/ pressure; Slight depression in loin area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bo: What is the BCS? Folds of fatty tissue seen around tailhead w/ patches of fat covering pinbones; Pelvis can be felt w/ firm pressure; Short ribs can no longer be felt; No depression in loin area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bo: What is the BCS? Tailhead is buried in thick layer of fatty tissue; Pelvic bones can't be felt even w/ firm pressure; Short ribs covered w/ thick layer of fatty tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is signalment, and what is included? |
|
Definition
| Description of the animal for ID purposes; Species, Breed, Color, Age, Sex, Reproductive Status |
|
|
Term
| (Bo) What are 3 main categories of Hx? |
|
Definition
| Animal, Environment, Herd |
|
|
Term
| What is included in animal Hx? |
|
Definition
| Previous illness; Tx; Response to Tx |
|
|
Term
| What is included in environmental hx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in herd Hx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the PE can be evaluated from a distance? |
|
Definition
| Muscle atrophy; Respiration; Apparent BC; Gait |
|
|
Term
| (Bo) What is included in the close-up PE? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac, Respiratory, & GI Auscultation; True BCS; Exams: Neurologic, Mammary, Musculoskeletal, Dermatologic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ranked list (most to least important) of the patient's active health problems |
|
|
Term
| A problem list should be ____, ____, & _____, without being overly _____ |
|
Definition
| complete, prioritized, specific; redundant |
|
|
Term
| What does a problem list allow you to do? |
|
Definition
| Recognize patterns; Helps make Dx that are less obvious; Helps focus DDx in complicated pt |
|
|
Term
| What is used to transfer a problem list to DDx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does DAMNIT stand for? |
|
Definition
D: Degenerative, Developmental
A: Anomalies, Allergic
M: Metabolic
N: Neoplastic, Nutritional, Neurologic
I: Infectious, Inflammatory, Immune, Idiopathic
T: Trauma, Toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What is used to rule in/out items on a DDx list? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some stall-side mammary gland diagnostic techniques? |
|
Definition
| Strip Cup; CMT; Check for subclinical mastitis |
|
|
Term
| What are some mammary gland diagnostic techniques? (DHIA) |
|
Definition
| SCC; Monitor herd for subclinical mastitis |
|
|
Term
| What are milk cultures used for? |
|
Definition
| Determine microbes involved |
|
|
Term
| What is mammary U/S used for? |
|
Definition
| Abscesses; Nonfunctional quarters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to visualize milk; black background for contrast against white milk |
|
|
Term
| What are some macroscopic alterations of (milk) secretions? |
|
Definition
| Flakes, Clots, Gargot, Clumps, Watery, Bloody |
|
|
Term
| If you know a cow has mastitis, what should be done next? |
|
Definition
| The milk should be submitted for bacterial culture |
|
|
Term
| What supplies are needed for bacterial culture in a mastitis case? |
|
Definition
| Paper towels, cotton balls, 70% isopropyl alcohol, sterile screw top plastic tubes, marker, cooler, ice |
|
|
Term
| (Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| Label sterile tube w/ cow ID, date, & quarter sampled using a permanent marker |
|
|
Term
| (Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| Udder should be clean & dry (Wash & dry udder & teats) *Dry is absolutely critical |
|
|
Term
| (Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| Scrub the end of each teat w/ a gauze pad or cotton ball soaked in 70% alcohol; Sanitize teats farthest away 1st, then nearest teats (Thoroughly clean teat orifice w/ alcohol on cotton ball/gauze pad; Prepare far side, then near side) |
|
|
Term
| (Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 4 |
|
Definition
| Beginning w/ nearest teat to be sampled, remove 1-2 streams of milk from each teat; Squirt out a stream of milk to cleanse the streak canal |
|
|
Term
| How many streams should be removed from each teat when sampling for bacteriology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 5 |
|
Definition
| Remove cap from tube & hold it upright in the same hand you will hold the tube w/ to prevent contamination |
|
|
Term
| (Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 6 |
|
Definition
| During collection, hold tube as close to horizontal as possible to prevent contamination of contents; Don't allow tube to touch teat end; Squirt several streams of milk into tube; Don't fill completely |
|
|
Term
| (Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 7 |
|
Definition
| Replace cap; place tubes on ice & refrigerate if they will be used in 24-48h (freeze if >48h); Ship samples early in the week |
|
|
Term
| What is CMT used for? What does it measure? |
|
Definition
| To detect subclinical mastitis; Measures "somatic cells" (WBCs) |
|
|
Term
| What can a positive CMT indicate? |
|
Definition
| Increase in inflammatory cells; Increase in non-inflammatory cells; Decrease in solute to cells |
|
|
Term
| What solutions are used in CMT? What do they do? |
|
Definition
| Alkyl arylsulfonate & bromcresol purple; Lyse cells & polymerize DNA; Gel is formed by the DNA (More gel = more nucleated cells) |
|
|
Term
| In a CMT, more gel = ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a CMT, how is the paddle held? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many squirts of milk into each cup for CMT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the paddle turned after milk collection in CMT? |
|
Definition
| Diagonally (Almost vertical) |
|
|
Term
| CMT: Residual milk = ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is CMT performed (step by step)? |
|
Definition
| Clean each teat w/ alcohol; Squirt sm amt milk from each quarter into appropriate quad of paddle; Mix = ratio reagent to milk; Read & record results |
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Term
| How much milk in each quad is sufficient for CMT? |
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Definition
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Term
| (CMT) How much milk/how much reagent should be added to each quad? |
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Definition
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Term
| (CMT) When should results be read? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the possible scores for CMT? |
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Definition
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Term
| (CMT) What is the description & cell #? N |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (CMT) What is the description & cell #? T |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (CMT) What is the description & cell #? 1 |
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Definition
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Term
| (CMT) What is the description & cell #? 2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (CMT) What is the description & cell #? 3 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most useful tool in urine analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 major components of urine analysis? |
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Definition
| Physical Appearance; Chemical & Sediment examination |
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Term
| Urinalysis is necessary to evaluate patients': |
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Definition
| General health; Hydration; Renal function (in conjunction w/ serum chemistry) |
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Term
| What is the color of urine? What does it depend on? |
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Definition
| Yellow to amber; Concentration |
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Term
| What causes urine turbidity? |
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Definition
| Increased particulate matter |
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Term
| What causes red or red/brown urine? |
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Definition
| Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, Myoglobinuria |
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Term
| What USG is considered hyposthenuria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What USG is considered isosthenuria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What USG is considered hypersthenuria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range for USG? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Health & Hydration status |
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Term
|
Definition
| Renal function; Renal tubules; Concentration & Diluting |
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Term
| What does a typical urinalysis test strip test? |
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Definition
| pH, protein, blood, bilirubin, ketones, glucose |
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Term
| What is the pH range in urinalysis, & what does it reflect? |
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Definition
| 5 to 8.5; distal nephron function; pH of plasma; systemic acid/base status |
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Term
| Do herbivores have higher or lower pH urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the protein test on a urine dipstick sensitive to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative protein urine dipstick does not rule out: |
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Definition
| presence of Hb or globulins |
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Term
| Is there normally protein in urine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does proteinuria indicate? |
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Definition
| Glomerular dz (*can be + for trace protein in alkaline urine) |
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Term
| What does the blood test on a urine dipstick test for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are trace amounts of blood in urine clinically significant? What can they indicate? |
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Definition
| May be; Myoglobinuria (m dz), Hemoglobinuria (hemolysis), Hematuria (hemorrhage anywhere in UT, RBCs in sediment) |
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Term
| Is bilirubin normally detected in urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are trace amounts of bilirubin in urine significant? What do they indicate? |
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Definition
| Yes; Prehepatic/Hepatic/Posthepatic dz |
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Term
| What ketones are/are not detected by urine dipstick? |
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Definition
Yes: Acetone; Acetoacetic acid
No: B-hydroxybutyric acid |
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|
Term
| What causes elevated ketones in urine? |
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Definition
| When fat metabolism replaces carbohydrates; Negative energy balance (starvation; diabetic ketoacidosis) |
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|
Term
| What is the renal threshold for Glc? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause elevations in urine Glc? |
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Definition
| rare kidney abnormalities, STRESS, DM, Tx |
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|
Term
| How should urine Glc be evaluated? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conversion rate for F to C? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conversion rate for C to F? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you administer QID Tx? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you administer TID Tx? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the metric system b/o? |
|
Definition
| The # 10 & Multiples of 10 |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To convert mg to g, move the decimal place to the _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| To convert g to mg, move the decimal place to the _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the abbreviation for grain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do if you think a calculation is wrong? |
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Definition
| Do not give the drug, Seek help! |
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|
Term
| What is the basic formula for calculations of medications? |
|
Definition
| Form/Strength = Answer/Desired Dose |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many g are in a L of physiologic saline? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for calculating fluid deficit? |
|
Definition
| BW(kg) x % dehydration / Fluid deficit (L) |
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|
Term
| How do animals monitor the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do bulls behave when smells in the environment change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do cows behave when smells in the environment change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do horses behave when smells in the environment change? |
|
Definition
| Snort, become alert, raise head & tail, move ears forward |
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|
Term
| Herbivores have a _____ range of vision. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Wide range of vision is important for _________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cattle have ____ vision. (____ degrees) |
|
Definition
| Panoramic (310-360 degrees) |
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|
Term
| Where is the blind spot in cattle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In cattle, depth perception is _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cattle's ability to focus on items close up is _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ____ have the largest eye of all mammals. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Panoramic vision in horse is ________. |
|
Definition
| Monocular (view surroundings on either side) |
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|
Term
| Horses' binocular vision is directed _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the blind spot in horses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Because of their field of vision, _____ can ______ easily. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ tones allow the animal to be more comfortable. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ is important wrt animal behavior when sounds in the environment change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 points wrt soothing tone of voice? |
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Definition
| Greet animal w/ its name; use when animal is behaving; Calm/no stress in your voice |
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Term
| 3 points wrt instructional tone of voice. |
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Definition
| Decisive; When animal is balking @ doing what you ask; "No! Whoa!" |
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|
Term
| 2 points wrt commanding tone of voice: |
|
Definition
| Firm/deep/louder; voice of authority when animal is misbehaving or not doing what you ask |
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|
Term
| What does screaming indicate to an animal? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of fight or flight in a herd? |
|
Definition
| Bunch together for safety |
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|
Term
| What is an individual characteristic of fight or flight? (Avoidance) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an individual characteristic of fight or flight? (Aggression) Why would this occur? |
|
Definition
| Cow runs over the top of you; Pain induced, Maternal instinct, Fear, Dominance, Male-Male Aggression |
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|
Term
| What is the first response to danger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some defense mechanisms of flight? |
|
Definition
| Speed, Body checking, Head, Hooves |
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|
Term
| Where is the point of balance in lg an? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horses generally kick __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Start w/ a fwd motion, Circle leg laterally, kick backward |
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|
Term
| How far fwd can horses & cattle reach w/ PL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 major types of restraint? |
|
Definition
| Physical, Chemical, Mechanical |
|
|
Term
| What is a halter used to restrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the head be tied w/ a halter? |
|
Definition
| In a fwd position or off to the side |
|
|
Term
| What type of knot should be used in the halter to ensure the cow can be released if she falls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of chute allows for added restraint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are used in farms that allow the cows to walk around the paddock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are nose tongs placed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nose tongs used for? |
|
Definition
| To control animal by putting pressure on nasal septum |
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|
Term
| Where is a nose ring placed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a nose ring? In what animals are they common? |
|
Definition
| Lead rope can be looped through ring to lead animal; Bulls |
|
|
Term
| How are ropes used for cattle? |
|
Definition
| Can be strategically placed to put the cow in lateral recumbency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grasping the tail at the base, gently raising it vertically will place pressure on the vertebrae & make it difficult for the cow to kick backward |
|
|
Term
| How is flanking performed? |
|
Definition
| While standing at the side of the calf, grasp the flank & gently place the calf in lateral recumbency; If the calf is large, this may require 2 people |
|
|
Term
| How is a Kow Kan't Kick Device used? |
|
Definition
| Placed over tuber coxae w/ ends directed into flank; When squeezed, prevents cow from kicking with force |
|
|
Term
| What is another term for a skin twitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a skin twitch performed? |
|
Definition
| Skin over shoulder is grasped as a method of distraction; Similar to scruffing a cat |
|
|
Term
| How is a traditional twitch performed? |
|
Definition
| Nose is gently grasped & a chain is placed; assistant stands off to side & holds twitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar to traditional twitch, but does not use a chain |
|
|
Term
| How is an ear twitch performed? |
|
Definition
| Apply gentle pressure while grasping the base of the ear (Do not twist ear!) |
|
|
Term
| How is a chain shank placed? |
|
Definition
| Chain is placed over the bridge of the nose or under the lip |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory ear tags in _____ ear for Brucella ID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large ear tag w/ individual # for ID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chain w/ plastic # for ID; common in dairy; horse farms may use a neck strap |
|
|
Term
| What can leg bands be used for? |
|
Definition
| To ID a cow by #, stage of lactation, or as an animal that has been treated |
|
|
Term
| Where are horses tattooed? Cattle? |
|
Definition
| Inside of lip; Inside of ear |
|
|
Term
| What type of cattle tattoo can be done by an accredited vet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to freeze brand an animal? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| Liquid nitrogen; Turns black hair white |
|
|
Term
| What is used to hot brand an animal? |
|
Definition
| Heat is used to brand the hide; Each farm has a unique brand |
|
|
Term
| Where are microchips placed in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are RFID Ear tags? Where are they placed? What are they used for? |
|
Definition
| Radiofrequency ID; external microchips for livestock; placed in ear tag; Used to monitor mvmt of cattle for biosecurity of country; must be read w/ scanner |
|
|
Term
| What is included in lg an registration papers? |
|
Definition
| Written description of animal, hand drawing of animal, digital photo |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causative agents of bovine mastitis? |
|
Definition
| E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter |
|
|
Term
| What is a routine physical composed of? |
|
Definition
| Signalment, Hx, Hands-off exam, Hands-on exam |
|
|
Term
| What is rumen fluid analysis used to diagnose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is rumen fluid collected? |
|
Definition
|
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