Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Physical Diagnosis II
Final Exam
313
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
04/25/2011

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the purpose of bandaging the equine limb?
Definition
Provide protection & support while working, traveling, resting, or recovering from an injury
Term
What happens if an equine limb bandage is applied incorrectly?
Definition
Failure to do job; Discomfort; Restriction of blood flow; Tendon/Tissue damage
Term
Give 4 reasons to bandage an equine limb.
Definition
1. Provide support for tendons & ligaments during strenuous workouts
2. Prevent or reduce swelling (edema) after exercise, injury, or during stall rest
3. Protect legs from concussion & impact
4. Shield leg wounds from contamination & aid in healing
Term
How many layers does a proper leg bandage generally have?
Definition
2 or more
Term
What may be required with a leg bandage if a wound is involved?
Definition
Gauze pads or a sterile, absorbent dressing
Term
How much padding is necessary in a leg bandage? What is its purpose?
Definition
At least an inch or more of soft cushioning material; help disperse the pressure evenly & prevent blood flow from being restricted
Term
What can be used as padding in equine limb bandaging?
Definition
Roll cotton, sheet cotton, leg quilts
Term
Generally, the longer a bandage is to remain in place, the _____ amount of padding is needed.
Definition
Greater
Term
Give some examples of bandaging materials.
Definition
Track or polo wraps, cotton flannels, roll gauze, bandaging tapes (3M Vetrap bandaging tape, Elastikon)
Term
How wide should the bandaging material be & why?
Definition
At least 2 inches wide to avoid a tourniquet-like effect & allow sufficient overlap as the leg is wrapped
Term
What can make joint bandaging easier? What does this allow for?
Definition
Using stretch fabric; Movement; Less apt to cut off circulation as long as it is not pulled too tightly
Term
In bandaging an equine limb, remove ____, _____, _____ or _____ to prevent _____ & _____.
Definition
Dirt, debris, soap residue, moisture; skin irritation & dermatitis
Term
In equine limb bandaging, start with _____, _____ legs & bandages.
Definition
Clean, dry
Term
In equine limb bandaging, what should be done if there is a wound?
Definition
Make sure the wound has been properly cleaned, rinsed & dressed.
Term
What may be required in post-operative wound/joint cases? (Equine limb bandaging)
Definition
Sterile padding
Term
In equine limb bandaging, how should padding be applied?
Definition
So it lies flat & wrinkle free against the skin
Term
Where should the wrap be started in equine limb bandaging?
Definition
At the inside of the cannon bone above the fetlock jt; Do not begin or end over joints
Term
Why shouldn't bandaging begin or end over joints?
Definition
Movement will tend to loosen the bandage & cause it to come unwrapped
Term
In what direction should the equine limb be wrapped?
Definition
From front to back, outside to inside, lateral to medial (Counterclockwise in left legs, clockwise in right legs)
Term
In what pattern should the equine limb be wrapped?
Definition
Spiral pattern, working down the leg (distal) & up again, overlapping the preceding layer by 50%
Term
How much pressure should be used on the support bandage?
Definition
Smooth, uniform pressure to compress the padding; make sure no lumps or ridges form beneath the bandage
Term
Be careful not to wrap the legs too _____; Avoid creating _____. Avoid applying bandages too _____.
Definition
Tightly; Pressure Points; Loosely
Term
If loose bandages slip, what happens?
Definition
They will not provide proper support & may endanger the horse
Term
How far should the bandages be extended in equine limb bandaging?
Definition
To w/i one half inch of the padding at the top & bottom
Term
How often should bandages be checked & why?
Definition
Daily to make sure they are securely in place & not cutting off circulation
Term
What should be done if there is a potential problem w/ bedding or debris getting into the bandage?
Definition
Seal the openings w/ a loose wrap of flexible adhesive bandage such as Elastikon adhesive tape
Term
How often should equine legs be rewrapped? Why?
Definition
Every 1-2 days to minimize the chance of circulation problems caused by slippage, or skin irritation due to dirt or debris entering the bandages
Term
Horses are usually ____ when radiographs are performed.
Definition
Standing (weight-bearing)
Term
Where are radiograph markers placed?
Definition
Laterally for DP; Cr/D in all other views
Term
What is the focal spot-film distance (FFD) in equine radiography?
Definition
24-40 inches; average 30 inches
Term
What is the layman's term for the equine carpus?
Definition
Knee
Term
What are the standard views of the equine carpus?
Definition
DP; LM; DLPMO; DMPLO. Flexed L
Term
What are some additional views used for more specific carpal diseases?
Definition
Skylines: Proximal row, Distal row, Distal radius
Term
What should be remembered to properly label a radiograph?
Definition
Consider point of entry of the beam through the limb & beam's point of exit from the limb
Term
In a lateral film, where does the beam enter & exit the limb?
Definition
Enters laterally; Exits medially
Term
Where is the machine positioned in DP view?
Definition
centered on carpus dorsally; parallel to jt spaces; include distal radius & proximal MC3
Term
What is the cassette position in DP view?
Definition
Palmar aspect of carpus; carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3
Term
Can the ACB be seen in a DP view?
Definition
Yes
Term
How is the machine position in a lateral view determined?
Definition
Judge L b/o bony ridges of radius, ACB, MC3
Term
What is the cassette position in a Lateral carpal rad?
Definition
M aspect of desired carpus; Carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3
Term
Does the radiocarpal jt communicate w/ distal joints of the carpus? If so, which ones?
Definition
No
Term
Does the middle carpal jt communicate w/ distal joints of the carpus? If so, which ones?
Definition
Yes; CMC jt (not RC)
Term
Does the carpometacarpal jt communicate w/ distal joints of the carpus? If so, which ones?
Definition
Yes; Middle Carpal (not RC)
Term
What is the machine position in a DLPMO view?
Definition
45 degrees off D to the L side
Term
Where is the cassette in a DLPMO?
Definition
M aspect of desired carpus; carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3
Term
What surface(s) of the carpus is(are) highlighted in a DLPMO?
Definition
DM & PL
Term
What is the machine position in a DMPLO?
Definition
45 degrees off D to M side
Term
What is the cassette position in a DMPLO?
Definition
L aspect of desired carpus; Carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3
Term
What surface(s) of the carpus is(are) highlighted in a DMPLO?
Definition
DL & PM
Term
How is the machine position in a flexed L view determined?
Definition
Judge L b/o bony ridges of radius, ACB, MC3
Term
What is the cassette position in a flexed L view?
Definition
M aspect of desired carpus; carpus centered on plate; include distal radius & proximal MC3
Term
What is the limb position in a flexed L view?
Definition
Flexed carpus; MC3 parallel w/ ground
Term
In a flexed L view, the limb is ____________.
Definition
Non-weight bearing
Term
What is a flexed L view used for?
Definition
To separate out proximal row CB
Term
In a flexed L view, ____ is high.
Definition
"I" (ICB moves up; sits above RCB)
Term
3rd CB _______ 4th CB in flexed L view
Definition
Drops below
Term
Examination begins ________.
Definition
From a distance
Term
What is normal equine temperature?
Definition
99 to 101.5F
Term
What is normal equine pulse/HR?
Definition
24-44bpm
Term
What is normal equine RR?
Definition
12-24bpm
Term
What is normal bovine temperature?
Definition
101.5-102.5
Term
What is normal bovine pulse/HR?
Definition
60-80bpm
Term
What is normal bovine RR?
Definition
12-40bpm
Term
What blood vessels are used to monitor equine pulse pressure?
Definition
aa: Facial, Transverse Facial, Great Metatarsal
Term
What blood vessels are used to measure bovine pulse pressure?
Definition
Coccygeal a.
Term
What MM are used to monitor equine CRT?
Definition
Oral
Term
What is normal equine CRT/MM characteristics?
Definition
<1.5s, Pink, Moist
Term
What MM are used to monitor bovine CRT?
Definition
Vulvar/Preputial
Term
What is auscultated on the left side of the chest? (cardiac)
Definition
Pulmonic, Aortic, & Mitral valves
Term
What is auscultated on the right side of the chest? (cardiac)
Definition
Tricuspid valve
Term
What does S1 represent?
Definition
Closure of AV valves (Tricuspid/Mitral)
Term
What does S2 represent?
Definition
Closure of SL valves (Pulmonic/Aortic)
Term
What does S3 represent?
Definition
Early diastole/rapid filling of the ventricles
Term
What does S4 represent?
Definition
Atrial contraction
Term
Which heart sound is "lub?" "Dub?"
Definition
S1; S2
Term
Pulmonary auscultation includes _____.
Definition
Trachea
Term
What is auscultated in equine GI evaluation?
Definition
Left & Right Quadrants; Ventral midline
Term
In bovine GI evaluation, what is auscultated on the left side? Right side?
Definition
Rumen; GI Viscera
Term
What is head evaluation comprised of?
Definition
Sinus auscultation/Percussion; Symmetry of bones/mm.; CrN evaluation
Term
What sinuses are evaluated in the equine head?
Definition
Frontal & Maxillary
Term
CrN1 is _____ to assess.
Definition
Difficult
Term
For testing CrN1, caution using ______
Definition
noxious stimuli
Term
How is CrN2 tested?
Definition
Walk through maze/obstacle course; Menace response; PLR
Term
What are the afferent & efferent components of the menace response?
Definition
Afferent: CrN2 (gesture)
Efferent: CrN7 (blink)
Term
What are the afferent & efferent components of the PLR?
Definition
Afferent: CrN2
Efferent: CrN3
Term
What are the 2 components of PLR?
Definition
Direct/Indirect
Term
What CrN are responsible for position of the globe w/i the orbit?
Definition
3, 4, 6
Term
What CrN are responsible for pupillary constriction?
Definition
3, 4, 6
Term
Horses have a ____ pupil, whereas cows have a _____ pupil.
Definition
Horizontal; Round
Term
What does CrN 3 innervate?
Definition
all eye mm except DO/LR
Term
What is a sign of abnormal CrN3?
Definition
VL strabismus
Term
What eye mm does CrN 4 innervate?
Definition
Dorsal Oblique
Term
What is a sign of abnormal CrN 4?
Definition
DM strabismus
Term
What eye mm does CrN 6 innervate?
Definition
Lateral rectus & retractor bulbi
Term
What is a sign of abnormal CrN 6?
Definition
M strabismus
Term
What does CrN 5 innervate?
Definition
Sensory to face/oral cavity; Motor to mm of mastication
Term
What are the 3 branches of CrN5? What is the test for the afferent sensory component of each?
Definition
Ophthalmic (touch M canthus/cornea); Maxillary (touch L canthus/nose); Mandibular (touch lower jaw)
Term
What is the motor component of the mandibular branch of CrN5?
Definition
Motor mm of mastication; jaw tone
Term
What are the motor & sensory components of the facial branch of CrN5?
Definition
Motor: mm of facial expression
Sensory: Lacrimal & Salivary glands
Term
Motor/Sensory of Facial n. separate at ______
Definition
Petrous temporal bone
Term
What is caused by a central lesion of the facial branch of CrN5? What test is used?
Definition
Dry eye; Shirmer Tear Test
Term
What is the cochlear component of CrN 8 responsible for? How is it assessed?
Definition
Hearing; Difficult to accurately assess
Term
What is the vestibular component of CrN 8 responsible for? How is it assessed? How is it tested?
Definition
Head orientation wrt gravity; Physiologic nystagmus = WNL (When head turned rapidly, fast phase in direction of mvmt)
Term
What test is used for CrN 9/10/11?
Definition
Slap Test
Term
What does the hypoglossal n. innervate?
Definition
Tongue (tongue tone)
Term
Which CrN are involved in facial symmetry/eye position/pupils?
Definition
3, 4, 5 (mandibular), 6, 7
Term
Which CrN are involved in menace?
Definition
2, 7
Term
Which CrN are involved? Touch M/L canthus of eye/palpebrae = blink/eye retract.
Definition
5 (opth/max), 6, 7
Term
Which CrN are involved? Touch nose/lower jaw = head shake.
Definition
5 (max/mand), 7
Term
Which CrN are involved? Turn PX head side to side, observe eye movements
Definition
3, 4, 6, 8
Term
Which CrN are involved? Shine light in each eye (PLR)
Definition
2, 3
Term
Which CrN are involved? Assess jaw tone/tongue strength = lick lips/swallow
Definition
5 (mand), 9, 10, 12
Term
What CrN are involved? Assess symmetry of neck mm (+/- slap test)
Definition
11
Term
Name 8 important components of the equine distal limb.
Definition
Suspensory ligament, DDFT, SDFT, P1/2/3, Navicular bone, common digital extensor
Term
How are equine distal limb structures evaluated?
Definition
W/ limb in flexed position
Term
How is laminitis evaluated?
Definition
Palpation of digital pulses, coronary band, hoof capsules; Horse should willingly lift each foot; Turn horse in small circles (both directions)
Term
What is the most accurate way to assess equine BW? What is needed?
Definition
Scale; Specialized equipment (may not be readily available)
Term
What is another method of assessing equine BW? How is it used?
Definition
Weight tape; Place WT around barrel/thorax @ level of withers
Term
In what breeds/ages are weight tapes inaccurate?
Definition
Drafts & mini horses; Foals vs. adults
Term
What do weight tapes fail to account for?
Definition
Abnormal deposition of fat
Term
What breeds are at risk for abnormal deposition of body fat?
Definition
Arabs/Morgans
Term
In what disease states is abnormal deposition of body fat noted?
Definition
Equine metabolic syndrome, Equine cushing's
Term
What system is used for BCS in horses?
Definition
Henneke (1-9)
Term
What is a 1 in the Henneke system? 9?
Definition
Skinny; Obese
Term
When is BCS assigned?
Definition
Following palpation (you must physically touch the animal)
Term
In the equine, what are the 6 points of evaluation for BCS?
Definition
Neck, Withers, Shoulders, Ribs, Loin, Tailhead
Term
Eq: What is the BCS? Bony structure easily noticeable in neck, withers, shoulder. Ribs protrude prominently. Spinous processes project prominently. Tailhead, pinbones, hook bones project prominently.
Definition
1 (Poor)
Term
Eq: What is the BCS? Neck, withers, shoulder accentuated. Slight fat cover over ribs; Ribs easily discernible. Fat buildup halfway on SP but easily discernible, TPs can't be felt. Tailhead prominent but individual vert can't be ID'ed, hookbones appear rounded but still easily discernible. Pinbones not distinguishable.
Definition
3 (Thin)
Term
Eq: What is the BCS? Neck & shoulder blend smoothly into body; Withers rounded over SPs; Back level; Ribs can't be visually distinguished but can be easily felt; Fat around tailhead feels somewhat soft.
Definition
5 (Moderate)
Term
Eq: What is the BCS? Fat deposited along neck & withers/behind shoulder; May have positive crease down back; Fat around tailhead is soft; Individual ribs can be felt w/ pressure but noticeable fat filling btw ribs.
Definition
7 (Fleshy)
Term
Eq: What is the BCS? Bulging fat along neck & withers/behind shoulder/around tailhead; Obvious crease down back; Patchy fat over ribs
Definition
9 (Extremely Fat)
Term
What is the equine BCS range for Poor?
Definition
1-3
Term
What is the equine BCS range for Moderate?
Definition
4-6
Term
What is the equine BCS range for Fat?
Definition
7-9
Term
What BCS scale is used in dairy cattle, sheep & goats?
Definition
1-5 (1=Thin, 5=fat)
Term
What BCS scale is used in beef cattle & camelids?
Definition
1-9 (1=thin, 9=fat)
Term
Weight tapes are available for ________.
Definition
Horses, Cows, Small ruminants
Term
Bo: What is the BCS? Deep cavity around tailhead; Bones of pelvis & short ribs sharp & easily felt; No fatty tissue in pelvic or loin area; Deep depression in loin
Definition
1
Term
Bo: What is the BCS? Shallow cavity around tailhead w/ some fatty tissue lining it & covering pin bones; Pelvis easily felt; Ends of short ribs feel rounded & upper surfaces can be felt w/ slight pressure; Depression visible in loin area
Definition
2
Term
Bo: What is the BCS? No cavity around tailhead & fatty tissue easily felt over whole area; Pelvis can be felt w/ slight pressure; Thick layer of tissue covering top of short ribs which can still be felt w/ pressure; Slight depression in loin area
Definition
3
Term
Bo: What is the BCS? Folds of fatty tissue seen around tailhead w/ patches of fat covering pinbones; Pelvis can be felt w/ firm pressure; Short ribs can no longer be felt; No depression in loin area
Definition
4
Term
Bo: What is the BCS? Tailhead is buried in thick layer of fatty tissue; Pelvic bones can't be felt even w/ firm pressure; Short ribs covered w/ thick layer of fatty tissue
Definition
5
Term
What is signalment, and what is included?
Definition
Description of the animal for ID purposes; Species, Breed, Color, Age, Sex, Reproductive Status
Term
(Bo) What are 3 main categories of Hx?
Definition
Animal, Environment, Herd
Term
What is included in animal Hx?
Definition
Previous illness; Tx; Response to Tx
Term
What is included in environmental hx?
Definition
Type of housing; Diet
Term
What is included in herd Hx?
Definition
Vx; Deworming; Hoof Care
Term
What in the PE can be evaluated from a distance?
Definition
Muscle atrophy; Respiration; Apparent BC; Gait
Term
(Bo) What is included in the close-up PE?
Definition
Cardiac, Respiratory, & GI Auscultation; True BCS; Exams: Neurologic, Mammary, Musculoskeletal, Dermatologic
Term
What is a problem list?
Definition
A ranked list (most to least important) of the patient's active health problems
Term
A problem list should be ____, ____, & _____, without being overly _____
Definition
complete, prioritized, specific; redundant
Term
What does a problem list allow you to do?
Definition
Recognize patterns; Helps make Dx that are less obvious; Helps focus DDx in complicated pt
Term
What is used to transfer a problem list to DDx?
Definition
DAMNIT
Term
What does DAMNIT stand for?
Definition
D: Degenerative, Developmental
A: Anomalies, Allergic
M: Metabolic
N: Neoplastic, Nutritional, Neurologic
I: Infectious, Inflammatory, Immune, Idiopathic
T: Trauma, Toxicity
Term
What is used to rule in/out items on a DDx list?
Definition
PE & Diagnostics
Term
What are some stall-side mammary gland diagnostic techniques?
Definition
Strip Cup; CMT; Check for subclinical mastitis
Term
What are some mammary gland diagnostic techniques? (DHIA)
Definition
SCC; Monitor herd for subclinical mastitis
Term
What are milk cultures used for?
Definition
Determine microbes involved
Term
What is mammary U/S used for?
Definition
Abscesses; Nonfunctional quarters
Term
What is a strip cup?
Definition
Used to visualize milk; black background for contrast against white milk
Term
What are some macroscopic alterations of (milk) secretions?
Definition
Flakes, Clots, Gargot, Clumps, Watery, Bloody
Term
If you know a cow has mastitis, what should be done next?
Definition
The milk should be submitted for bacterial culture
Term
What supplies are needed for bacterial culture in a mastitis case?
Definition
Paper towels, cotton balls, 70% isopropyl alcohol, sterile screw top plastic tubes, marker, cooler, ice
Term
(Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 1
Definition
Label sterile tube w/ cow ID, date, & quarter sampled using a permanent marker
Term
(Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 2
Definition
Udder should be clean & dry (Wash & dry udder & teats) *Dry is absolutely critical
Term
(Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 3
Definition
Scrub the end of each teat w/ a gauze pad or cotton ball soaked in 70% alcohol; Sanitize teats farthest away 1st, then nearest teats (Thoroughly clean teat orifice w/ alcohol on cotton ball/gauze pad; Prepare far side, then near side)
Term
(Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 4
Definition
Beginning w/ nearest teat to be sampled, remove 1-2 streams of milk from each teat; Squirt out a stream of milk to cleanse the streak canal
Term
How many streams should be removed from each teat when sampling for bacteriology?
Definition
1-2
Term
(Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 5
Definition
Remove cap from tube & hold it upright in the same hand you will hold the tube w/ to prevent contamination
Term
(Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 6
Definition
During collection, hold tube as close to horizontal as possible to prevent contamination of contents; Don't allow tube to touch teat end; Squirt several streams of milk into tube; Don't fill completely
Term
(Mastitis) Bacteriology technique: Step 7
Definition
Replace cap; place tubes on ice & refrigerate if they will be used in 24-48h (freeze if >48h); Ship samples early in the week
Term
What is CMT used for? What does it measure?
Definition
To detect subclinical mastitis; Measures "somatic cells" (WBCs)
Term
What can a positive CMT indicate?
Definition
Increase in inflammatory cells; Increase in non-inflammatory cells; Decrease in solute to cells
Term
What solutions are used in CMT? What do they do?
Definition
Alkyl arylsulfonate & bromcresol purple; Lyse cells & polymerize DNA; Gel is formed by the DNA (More gel = more nucleated cells)
Term
In a CMT, more gel = ________
Definition
more nucleated cells
Term
In a CMT, how is the paddle held?
Definition
Tongue to tongue
Term
How many squirts of milk into each cup for CMT?
Definition
2
Term
How is the paddle turned after milk collection in CMT?
Definition
Diagonally (Almost vertical)
Term
CMT: Residual milk = ____
Definition
2mL
Term
How is CMT performed (step by step)?
Definition
Clean each teat w/ alcohol; Squirt sm amt milk from each quarter into appropriate quad of paddle; Mix = ratio reagent to milk; Read & record results
Term
How much milk in each quad is sufficient for CMT?
Definition
1/2 tsp
Term
(CMT) How much milk/how much reagent should be added to each quad?
Definition
2mL
Term
(CMT) When should results be read?
Definition
Within 8s
Term
What are the possible scores for CMT?
Definition
Negative; Trace; +1/2/3
Term
(CMT) What is the description & cell #? N
Definition
Liquid; 100,000
Term
(CMT) What is the description & cell #? T
Definition
Slight slime; 300,000
Term
(CMT) What is the description & cell #? 1
Definition
Distinct slime; 900,000
Term
(CMT) What is the description & cell #? 2
Definition
Distinct gel; 2.7 x 10^6
Term
(CMT) What is the description & cell #? 3
Definition
Convex gel; 8.1 x 10^6
Term
What is the most useful tool in urine analysis?
Definition
Dipsticks
Term
What are 3 major components of urine analysis?
Definition
Physical Appearance; Chemical & Sediment examination
Term
Urinalysis is necessary to evaluate patients':
Definition
General health; Hydration; Renal function (in conjunction w/ serum chemistry)
Term
What is the color of urine? What does it depend on?
Definition
Yellow to amber; Concentration
Term
What causes urine turbidity?
Definition
Increased particulate matter
Term
What causes red or red/brown urine?
Definition
Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, Myoglobinuria
Term
What USG is considered hyposthenuria?
Definition
<1.008
Term
What USG is considered isosthenuria?
Definition
1.008-1.012
Term
What USG is considered hypersthenuria?
Definition
1.035
Term
What is the normal range for USG?
Definition
No normal range
Term
What does USG depend on?
Definition
Health & Hydration status
Term
What does USG test?
Definition
Renal function; Renal tubules; Concentration & Diluting
Term
What does a typical urinalysis test strip test?
Definition
pH, protein, blood, bilirubin, ketones, glucose
Term
What is the pH range in urinalysis, & what does it reflect?
Definition
5 to 8.5; distal nephron function; pH of plasma; systemic acid/base status
Term
Do herbivores have higher or lower pH urine?
Definition
Higher (more alkaline)
Term
What is the protein test on a urine dipstick sensitive to?
Definition
Albumin
Term
Negative protein urine dipstick does not rule out:
Definition
presence of Hb or globulins
Term
Is there normally protein in urine?
Definition
No
Term
What does proteinuria indicate?
Definition
Glomerular dz (*can be + for trace protein in alkaline urine)
Term
What does the blood test on a urine dipstick test for?
Definition
Hb & myoglobin
Term
Are trace amounts of blood in urine clinically significant? What can they indicate?
Definition
May be; Myoglobinuria (m dz), Hemoglobinuria (hemolysis), Hematuria (hemorrhage anywhere in UT, RBCs in sediment)
Term
Is bilirubin normally detected in urine?
Definition
No
Term
Are trace amounts of bilirubin in urine significant? What do they indicate?
Definition
Yes; Prehepatic/Hepatic/Posthepatic dz
Term
What ketones are/are not detected by urine dipstick?
Definition
Yes: Acetone; Acetoacetic acid
No: B-hydroxybutyric acid
Term
What causes elevated ketones in urine?
Definition
When fat metabolism replaces carbohydrates; Negative energy balance (starvation; diabetic ketoacidosis)
Term
What is the renal threshold for Glc?
Definition
180 mg/dL
Term
What can cause elevations in urine Glc?
Definition
rare kidney abnormalities, STRESS, DM, Tx
Term
How should urine Glc be evaluated?
Definition
In a timely manner
Term
What is the conversion rate for F to C?
Definition
F = C (9/5) + 32
Term
What is the conversion rate for C to F?
Definition
C = (F-32) (5/9)
Term
How many lb per kg?
Definition
~2.2
Term
BID
Definition
Twice daily
Term
TID
Definition
Three times a day
Term
QID
Definition
Four times a day
Term
q2h
Definition
every 2 hrs
Term
q8h
Definition
every 8 hrs
Term
prn
Definition
as needed
Term
When would you administer QID Tx?
Definition
8AM, 2PM, 8PM, 2AM
Term
When would you administer TID Tx?
Definition
8AM, 4PM, Midnight
Term
What is the metric system b/o?
Definition
The # 10 & Multiples of 10
Term
1 mg = _______ of a g
Definition
1 thousandth
Term
1 mcg = ____ of a mg
Definition
one-thousandth
Term
100 mg = ____g
Definition
0.1
Term
To convert mg to g, move the decimal place to the _____.
Definition
left
Term
To convert g to mg, move the decimal place to the _____.
Definition
Right
Term
1 L = _____ mL
Definition
1000
Term
What is the abbreviation for grain?
Definition
gr
Term
How many ml per oz?
Definition
30
Term
How many oz per c?
Definition
8
Term
How many c per pt?
Definition
2
Term
How many pt per qt?
Definition
2
Term
How many qt per ga?
Definition
4
Term
"A pint's a ____."
Definition
Pound
Term
What should you do if you think a calculation is wrong?
Definition
Do not give the drug, Seek help!
Term
What is the basic formula for calculations of medications?
Definition
Form/Strength = Answer/Desired Dose
Term
5% solution means:
Definition
5g in 100ml
Term
How many g are in a L of physiologic saline?
Definition
9 (0.9%)
Term
Isotonic bicarb = ____%
Definition
1.3
Term
What is the formula for calculating fluid deficit?
Definition
BW(kg) x % dehydration / Fluid deficit (L)
Term
How do animals monitor the environment?
Definition
Smell, Hearing, Vision
Term
How do bulls behave when smells in the environment change?
Definition
Paw at ground
Term
How do cows behave when smells in the environment change?
Definition
Blow through nostrils
Term
How do horses behave when smells in the environment change?
Definition
Snort, become alert, raise head & tail, move ears forward
Term
Herbivores have a _____ range of vision.
Definition
Wide
Term
Wide range of vision is important for _________.
Definition
Detection of predators
Term
Cattle have ____ vision. (____ degrees)
Definition
Panoramic (310-360 degrees)
Term
Where is the blind spot in cattle?
Definition
Directly behind head
Term
In cattle, depth perception is _____.
Definition
Poor
Term
Cattle's ability to focus on items close up is _____.
Definition
Poor
Term
____ have the largest eye of all mammals.
Definition
Horses
Term
Panoramic vision in horse is ________.
Definition
Monocular (view surroundings on either side)
Term
Horses' binocular vision is directed _______.
Definition
Down
Term
Where is the blind spot in horses?
Definition
In front of forehead
Term
Because of their field of vision, _____ can ______ easily.
Definition
Horses & Cattle; Spook
Term
________ tones allow the animal to be more comfortable.
Definition
Low, confident
Term
_____ is important wrt animal behavior when sounds in the environment change.
Definition
Position of the ear
Term
What are 3 points wrt soothing tone of voice?
Definition
Greet animal w/ its name; use when animal is behaving; Calm/no stress in your voice
Term
3 points wrt instructional tone of voice.
Definition
Decisive; When animal is balking @ doing what you ask; "No! Whoa!"
Term
2 points wrt commanding tone of voice:
Definition
Firm/deep/louder; voice of authority when animal is misbehaving or not doing what you ask
Term
What does screaming indicate to an animal?
Definition
Lack of control
Term
What is characteristic of fight or flight in a herd?
Definition
Bunch together for safety
Term
What is an individual characteristic of fight or flight? (Avoidance)
Definition
Cow runs through fence
Term
What is an individual characteristic of fight or flight? (Aggression) Why would this occur?
Definition
Cow runs over the top of you; Pain induced, Maternal instinct, Fear, Dominance, Male-Male Aggression
Term
What is the first response to danger?
Definition
Flight
Term
What are some defense mechanisms of flight?
Definition
Speed, Body checking, Head, Hooves
Term
Where is the point of balance in lg an?
Definition
At the shoulder
Term
Horses generally kick __________.
Definition
Straight back
Term
How do cattle kick?
Definition
Start w/ a fwd motion, Circle leg laterally, kick backward
Term
How far fwd can horses & cattle reach w/ PL?
Definition
As far fwd as shoulder
Term
What are 3 major types of restraint?
Definition
Physical, Chemical, Mechanical
Term
What is a halter used to restrain?
Definition
Head
Term
How can the head be tied w/ a halter?
Definition
In a fwd position or off to the side
Term
What type of knot should be used in the halter to ensure the cow can be released if she falls?
Definition
"Quick release" knot
Term
What type of chute allows for added restraint?
Definition
"Squeeze chute"
Term
________ are used in farms that allow the cows to walk around the paddock.
Definition
Tie-line stanchions
Term
Where are nose tongs placed?
Definition
In the nostrils
Term
What are nose tongs used for?
Definition
To control animal by putting pressure on nasal septum
Term
Where is a nose ring placed?
Definition
Through the nasal septum
Term
What is the purpose of a nose ring? In what animals are they common?
Definition
Lead rope can be looped through ring to lead animal; Bulls
Term
How are ropes used for cattle?
Definition
Can be strategically placed to put the cow in lateral recumbency
Term
How is a tail jack used?
Definition
Grasping the tail at the base, gently raising it vertically will place pressure on the vertebrae & make it difficult for the cow to kick backward
Term
How is flanking performed?
Definition
While standing at the side of the calf, grasp the flank & gently place the calf in lateral recumbency; If the calf is large, this may require 2 people
Term
How is a Kow Kan't Kick Device used?
Definition
Placed over tuber coxae w/ ends directed into flank; When squeezed, prevents cow from kicking with force
Term
What is another term for a skin twitch?
Definition
Shoulder roll
Term
How is a skin twitch performed?
Definition
Skin over shoulder is grasped as a method of distraction; Similar to scruffing a cat
Term
How is a traditional twitch performed?
Definition
Nose is gently grasped & a chain is placed; assistant stands off to side & holds twitch
Term
What is a humane twitch?
Definition
Similar to traditional twitch, but does not use a chain
Term
How is an ear twitch performed?
Definition
Apply gentle pressure while grasping the base of the ear (Do not twist ear!)
Term
How is a chain shank placed?
Definition
Chain is placed over the bridge of the nose or under the lip
Term
Regulatory ear tags in _____ ear for Brucella ID
Definition
Right
Term
What is an ear tag?
Definition
Large ear tag w/ individual # for ID
Term
What is a collar?
Definition
Chain w/ plastic # for ID; common in dairy; horse farms may use a neck strap
Term
What can leg bands be used for?
Definition
To ID a cow by #, stage of lactation, or as an animal that has been treated
Term
Where are horses tattooed? Cattle?
Definition
Inside of lip; Inside of ear
Term
What type of cattle tattoo can be done by an accredited vet?
Definition
Brucella
Term
What is used to freeze brand an animal? What does it do?
Definition
Liquid nitrogen; Turns black hair white
Term
What is used to hot brand an animal?
Definition
Heat is used to brand the hide; Each farm has a unique brand
Term
Where are microchips placed in horses?
Definition
In nuchal ligament
Term
What are RFID Ear tags? Where are they placed? What are they used for?
Definition
Radiofrequency ID; external microchips for livestock; placed in ear tag; Used to monitor mvmt of cattle for biosecurity of country; must be read w/ scanner
Term
What is included in lg an registration papers?
Definition
Written description of animal, hand drawing of animal, digital photo
Term
What are the most common causative agents of bovine mastitis?
Definition
E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
Term
What is a routine physical composed of?
Definition
Signalment, Hx, Hands-off exam, Hands-on exam
Term
What is rumen fluid analysis used to diagnose?
Definition
Ruminal acidosis
Term
How is rumen fluid collected?
Definition
Orally or Rumenocentesis
Supporting users have an ad free experience!