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Pharynx and Esophagus
Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus
13
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/21/2008

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Term
What are the layers of the pharyngeal wall?
Definition
1.mucous layer

2.submucosa layer

3.fibrous layer that forms the pharygobasillar fascia.

4.muscular layer of OL and IC layer.

5.loose CT that forms the buccopharygeal fascia.
Term
What are the external muscles of the pharynx? And their origin?
Definition
1.superior constrictor muscle.
-from pterygoid hamulus
-from pterygomandibular raphe (connect to buccinator)
-mylohyoid line of the mandible.

2.middle constrictor muscle
-hrns of the hyoid bone
-stylohyoid ligament

3.inferior constrictor muscle.
-oblique muscle of the thyroid cartilage
-fascia over cricothyroid ligament
-from the side of the cricoid cartilage.
Term
What are the internal muscles of the pharynx and their origin?

(they elevate parynx and larynx in swallowing and speaking)
Definition
1. styloparyngeus – from styloid process.
2. salphingopharyngeus – from the cartilaginous part of te auditory tube.
3. palatopharyngeus – from hard palate.
Term
Describe the palatine tonsil.
-location
-muscles
-innervation
-blood supply
-lymphatic plexus
Definition
The tonsillar bed
- between the palatopharyngeal n palatoglossal arches.

2 muscles:
-palatopharyngeus
-superior constrictor muscles.

Lymph – drain to the lymph nodes at the angle of mandible and area of jugulodigastric nodes.

Nerve - tonsillar plexus of nerve by IX and X

Blood supply – tonsillar artery from facial artery branch.
Term
What are the innervation of the pharynx?
Definition
- from the pharyngeal plexus.
- composed of IX, X, superior cervical ganglion sympathetic branches.
-sensory: IX supply most mucosa of all 3 parts.
-sensory of nasopharynx part: mainly of maxillary nerve.
-motor: cranial root of accessory nerve, carried by the vagus nerve.
-the X innervate all muscles but the stylopharyngeus (IX) and tensor veli palatini (V)
Term
What are the anterior relations of the esophagus?
Definition
-the trachea
-left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
-Principal bronchus
-Pericardium that separate eso from the left atrium
Term
What are the posterior relation of the esophagus?
Definition
-the thoracic vertebra
-descending thoracic aorta
-azygos veins
-thoracic duct
-intercostals arteries
Term
What are the right relation of the esophagus?
Definition
-mediastinal pleura
-terminal of azygos vein
Term
What are the left relation of esophagus?
Definition
-mediastinal pleura
-subclavian artery
-the aortic arch
Term
Blood supply of the esophagus?
Definition
Upper third: the inferior thyroid artery

Middle third: descending thoracic aorta

Lower third: left gasric artery

Abdominal: inferior phrenic artery
Term
Blood drainage of the esophagus?
Definition
Upper third: inferior thyroid vein

Middle third: azygos vein

Lower third: left gastric vein (a tributary of the portal vein)
Term
Lymphatic drainage of the esophagus?
Definition
Upper third: deep cervical nodes

Middle third: superior and posterior mediastinal nodes.

Lower third: to the nodes of left gastric vessels and to celiac nodes
Term
Innervation of the esophagus?
Definition
Esophageal nerve plexus
(around the insertion of eso into cardiac orifice into stomach.)

Composed of:
Para - The vagal trunk: anterior and posterior gastric nerves.

Sympathetic: thoracic trunk via greater and lesser splanchnic.
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