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| m3 =bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion |
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| SNS releases NA that activates ... |
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...alpha 1 R =vasoconstriction
...alpha2 R = inhibit mucous production
... beta 2 R on PSNS ganglia = inhibit PSNS = bronchodilation
...alpha 2 on bv = vasoconstriction |
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...beta 2 R on smooth mm = bronchodilation
...beta 2 R on bvs = vasodilation |
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| 3 types of bronchodilators = |
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1. adrenoceptor agonists (beta 2 R agonists and Adr)
2. muscarinic R antagonists
3. methylxanthines |
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| beta 2 R agonists cause.. |
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| ...smooth mm relaxation, incr ciliary beating and mucolytic action |
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| commonly used beta 2 R agonists= |
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terbutaline in cats
salbutamol in dogs and horses
salmeterol |
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| name a banned beta 2 R agonist |
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| clenbuterol - as was used illegally to incr mm:fat ratio in livestock and clenbuterol residues pose risk to human health |
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| adr stim (as a bronchodilator)... |
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...beta2 R in lung = bronchodilation :)
...beta 1 R in heart and bvs=stim heart
...and alpha 1 R in bvs= vasonconstriction :( |
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| when would you use adr as a bronchodilator? |
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| use acutely in tx of life threatening bronchoconstriction eg anaphylaxis (gd as beta 1 R effects with adr maintains BP in this situation) |
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| name 2 adreniceptor agonists used as bronchodilators |
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| muscarinic R antagonists action = |
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| inhibit m3 R = inhibit bronchoconstriction and decr mucous secretion |
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| name 3 muscarinic antagonists |
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ipratropium
glycopyrrolate
atropine |
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| are muscarinic R antagonists selective to m3? |
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| advantage of ipratropium = |
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| charges - limits distribution and absorption = limits systemic side efefct |
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| admin of glycopyrrolate = |
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| what limits muscarinic antagonists duration? |
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| inhibiton of presynaptic m2 Rs = inhibit negative feedback of ACh = incr ACh which overcomes inhbition of m3 Rs |
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theophylline
aminophylline
etamphylline |
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still unclear... maybe...
...phosphodiesterase inhibition - breakdown cAMP = inhibit MLC Kinase=decr myosin phosporylation = smooth mm relaxation
...or antagonists of adenosine Rs (activation of adenosine Rs = bronchoconstriction in asthmatic animals) |
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| make mucous less viscous=removal easier from lungs |
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| clinical use of bromhexine = |
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chronic bronchitis in dogs
bronchopneumonia in cattle
chronic coughing in horses |
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| dembrexine used in what sp? |
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incr vol of secretions and facilitate removal by ciliary action and coughing (expectoration)
Big doubt whether expectorants actually do anything |
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| guaifenesin - stim PSNS = incr brinchial secretions |
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