Term
| Which drug can be given ophthalmically? Class? |
|
Definition
| Tobramycin. Aminoglycoside. |
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|
Term
| Which 2 classes bind to 30S ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines |
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|
Term
| When should you use Amikacin instead of Gentamicin? |
|
Definition
| Use Amikacin when the foal is septic |
|
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Term
| Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides (name 3)? Which species should not get these? |
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Definition
| Nephrotoxic! (most important) - accumulates in the kidneys. Ototoxic (peak concentrations); Neuromuscular blockade. Do not give to food animals - 18 month WTD because kidneys are edible |
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Term
| Neomycin. What class? How is it applied? |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycoside. Topical or Oral. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beta-lactams. Monobactam. |
|
|
Term
| Amoxicillin vs. Ampicillin? |
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Definition
| Amoxicillin - more stable than ampicillin, does better in gastric pH than ampicillin. |
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Term
| Cefazolin. What class? What's it used for? How is it eliminated? |
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Definition
| 1st generation cephalosporin. Used in conjuction with small animal surgery. Eliminated rapidly by the kidney. |
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Term
| Cephalexin. What class? What's it used for? How is it given? |
|
Definition
| 1st generation cephalosporin. Used for small animal pyoderma, UTIs. Given orally. |
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|
Term
| Cefadroxil. What class? What's it used for? How is it given? |
|
Definition
| 1st generation cephalosporin. Used for small animal pyoderma, UTIs. Given orally. |
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|
Term
| Ceftiofur + Sodium. What class? What's it used for clinically? |
|
Definition
| 3rd generation cephalosporin. Used in respiratory diseases in food animals, horses, and dogs. |
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|
Term
| Cefoxitin. What class? What's it used for? |
|
Definition
| 2nd generation cephalosporin. Not much in vet med, only Bacteroides. |
|
|
Term
| Ceftiofur + Sodium, Hydrochloride, Crystalline Free Acid. Which one lasts the longest and why? |
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Definition
| Ceftiofur = Crystalline Free Acid. 7 day therapeutic dose. Depot formulation as a crystal. |
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|
Term
| Crystalline Free Acid. How is it administered? |
|
Definition
| Cattle = by ear! Horses = by neck |
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Term
| Cefovecin. What class? What's it used for? Unique benefit? Adverse effect? |
|
Definition
| 3rd generation cephalosporin. Used for dog and cat skin infections. Long elimination 1/2 life - which can be good, unless an adverse reaction occurs (anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity) - then you must treat for 65 days! |
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Term
| Ceftazidime. What class? What does it treat? What's unique about it? |
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Definition
| 3rd generation cephalosporin. Active against Pseudomonas. Likely to distribute into barrier-restricted compartment. |
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|
Term
| Small MBC/MIC = Cidal/Static Large MBC/MIC = Cidal/Static |
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Definition
| Small MBC/MIC = cidal, Large MBC/MIC = static |
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Term
| Which 4 drugs (that we've discussed so far) can enter barrier-restricted compartments? |
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Definition
| Ceftazidime, Chloramphenicol, Doxycycline, Rifampin |
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Term
| Compare tetracycline to doxycycline. Which one is better for renal compromised and why? Which one can be taken with food? |
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Definition
| Doxycycline is better for the renal compromised because it is eliminated in the feces (tetracycline is eliminated by urine). Doxycycline can also be taken with food. |
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Term
| What is the hallmark of Chloramphenicol? What are its contraindications? Adverse effects? |
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Definition
| Excellent penetration into abscesses. Contraindicated in food animals. May possibly cause aplastic anemia? (only show in humans) |
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Term
| What is unique about Macrolide disposition? |
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Definition
| It accumulates in lungs/WBCs |
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Term
| What species is oxytetracycline used in? What is the clinical aspect we discussed? |
|
Definition
| Large animals. Used to treat angular limb deformities in foals. |
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Term
| Erythromycin. What class? What is it's main use? What is a secondary use? |
|
Definition
| Macrolide. Respiratory diseases (i.e. Rhodococcus). It can also be used as a prokinetic (dosed below MIC) |
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Term
| Which drug class is carcinogenic/mutagenic? Therefore, who should not get it? |
|
Definition
| Metronidazole. Pregnant animals |
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|
Term
| Which drug increases the half-life of other drugs that are eliminated by hepatic metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amikacin. What class? Adverse effects? |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycoside. Nephrotoxic. |
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|
Term
| Which beta-lactams are resistant to beta-lactamase? |
|
Definition
| Oxacillin, Methicillin, Cloxacillin, Carbapenam (Ibipenam) |
|
|
Term
| How do you administer Procaine Penicillin and Benzathine Penicillin? |
|
Definition
| IM or SQ. This is a depot drug. NOT IV. |
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|
Term
| How can you decrease the adverse side effects of potassium penicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which beta-lactam drugs are anti-pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug is the "big gun" saved for MRSA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Cephalosporins are good for Pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug is good for treating skin infections in dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical indication of Ceftiofur + hydrochloride? How is it administered? |
|
Definition
| Clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. Intramammary infusion. |
|
|
Term
| Cefepime. what class? What is it used for? |
|
Definition
| 4th generation cephalosporin. Life-threatening infections - only as a last resort. |
|
|
Term
| What's a second use of tetracycline? |
|
Definition
| It has immunosuppressant activity (esp. when combined with niacinamide). |
|
|
Term
| When should you not use doxycycline? What could happen? |
|
Definition
| Do not use IV in horses. Fatal cardiovascular collapse. |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are good for intracellular infections? |
|
Definition
| Tetracycline. Also (chloramphenicols, macrolides, and lincosamides) |
|
|
Term
| what is the specific MOA for fluorquinolones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is enrofloxacin metabolized/excreted? |
|
Definition
| 10 - 40% of it is metabolized by the liver into ciprofloxacin. About half of it is then excreted in the urine. |
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|
Term
| What are the 2 primary categories that are included in Metronidazole spectrum of activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 drug classes are terrible at treating anaerobes? |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides. Fluoroquinolones. |
|
|
Term
| Which class (or classes) of drugs are time-dependent? |
|
Definition
| beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides |
|
|
Term
| Which class (or classes) of drugs are concentration dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which class of drugs is both concentration-dependent OR AUC dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drugs can be used to treat swine respiratory disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug is good for cattle foot rot? How is it given? |
|
Definition
| Florfenicol. IM (2 doses, 48 hours apart) or SQ injection (1 x) |
|
|
Term
| What is an adverse effect of florfenicol? What species is it labeled for? |
|
Definition
| Causes diarrhea in horses. Labeled for food animals only! |
|
|
Term
| What is the resistance mechanism against macrolides? |
|
Definition
| Efflux pumps, and 50S binding site changes |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are known to cause esophageal damage if the pills are given to cats without water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should you administer macrolides in large animals? |
|
Definition
| Depends! If they are adults, ONLY parenteral. If it is a foal for Rhodococcus, then oral admin is okay. |
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|
Term
| Which drug is good for treating osteomyelitis (incl. dental infections) in small animal? What class is it in? |
|
Definition
| Clindamycin. Lincosamide. |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific MOA of macrolides? |
|
Definition
| Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit (inhibits peptide bond formation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific MOA of rifampin? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific MOA of metronidazole? |
|
Definition
| Free radical derivatives in bacteria damage DNA |
|
|
Term
| Which drug class requires therapeutic drug monitoring? You should keep the trough low/high to minimize nephrotoxicity. |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides. You should keep the trough LOW to minimize nephrotoxicity. |
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|
Term
| Which drug class causes clostridial overgrowth in hindgut fermenters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug has flex-labelling? In fact, what does that even mean? |
|
Definition
| Enrofloxacin. It means that the label now considers the targeted pathogen and variable MIC. AKA you can now use Enrofloxacin in dairy replacement heifers. |
|
|
Term
| What is an adverse effect of rifampin? |
|
Definition
| Red colored urine/tears/sweat/etc. Not actually "adverse", just freaks out clients. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 adverse effects/contraindications of fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
| 1. Prohibited extra-label use in food animals. 2. Arthropathy in young, growing animals. 3. Retinopathy in cats (dose dependent) 4. Potentiates seizures. 5. drug interactions with methylxanthines (ex: increases serum concentration x2 of theophylline) |
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|
Term
| Which drug is neurotoxic in horses? Is this dose dependent or not? |
|
Definition
| Metronidazole. Yes, dose dependent. |
|
|
Term
| What is an adverse effect of penicillins? Is this dose-dependent or not? |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity/Anaphylaxis. No, not dose-dependent. |
|
|
Term
| In comparison with the disposition of Na penicillin G, the relatively insoluble benzathine salt of penicillin G has rapid/slow absorption, high/low peak concentration, and long/short duration of effect. |
|
Definition
| Depot penicillins (compared to IV penicillins) have slow absorption, low peak concentration, and long duration of effect. |
|
|
Term
| Which drug would be good for treating Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has a longer half-life: tetracycline or doxycycline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the chloramphenicol metabolized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an adverse effect of tilmicosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The maximal achievable plasma concentration of an antibiotic in a particular host is known as ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common mechanism of resistance to cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
| Enzymatic degradation of the drug (AKA beta-lactamases) |
|
|
Term
| Which drug classes are known for their post-antiobiotic effect? |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| Which drug class has an adverse effect of fatal colitis in ruminants and hindgut fermenters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug class causes discoloration of teeth in neonates and retards fetal and neonatal skeletal development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug should you always use with a 2nd drug, due to its high potential for resistance? |
|
Definition
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