Term
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Definition
Topical anaesthesia
Local infiltration
Instillation into a cavity or wound
Intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier’s block)
Peripheral nerve blocks
Epidural (extradural) block
Systemic administration |
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Term
|
Definition
to desensitise mucous membranes (oral, ocular, nasal etc)
To desensitise intact skin (EMLA cream) |
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Term
|
Definition
| To desensitise dermal and subcutaneous tissues for minor surgery |
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Term
| Instillation into a cavity or wound |
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Definition
| Inter-pleural anaesthesia, Intra-articular anaesthesia |
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Term
| Intravenous regional anaesthesia |
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Definition
(Bier’s block)
IV administration of lidocaine distal to a tourniquet
To desensitise distal limb e.g. digit amputation |
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Term
|
Definition
Used diagnostically & therapeutically
Many possibilities e.g. Paravertebral, Intercostal, Brachial Plexus, & dental nerve blocks. |
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Term
| Epidural (extradural) block |
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Definition
| To desensitise perineum, hindlimb & caudal abdomen |
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Term
|
Definition
| IV infusion of lidocaine in very painful patients |
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Term
|
Definition
Sodium channels are BLOCKED preventing initiation & conduction of action potentials
LA’s are weak bases
lipophilic aromatic group attached to hydrophilic amine side-chain by ester or amide link |
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Term
|
Definition
[image]
rapidly hydrolysed by non-specific cholinesterases
short half-lives |
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Term
|
Definition
[image]
metabolised in the liver
longer half-lives |
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Term
|
Definition
speed of onset related to degree of ionisation
duration related to protein-binding
potency related to lipid solubility
Other drugs may be added:
Bicarbonate (increases pH)
Adrenaline (vasoconstricts) |
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Term
|
Definition
CNS: initial stimulation leading to convulsions, later depression leading to coma & death
CVS: myocardial contractility & heart rate fall, peripheral vasodilation
MISC: allergic reactions are rare (ester>amide) methaemoglobinaemia? |
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Term
|
Definition
Management of inflammatory disorders (Osteoarthritis, Ophthalmological disorders e.g. keratitis or uveitis)
Management of pain (Acute, Chronic)
Management of endotoxaemia in large animals (Equine colic , Bovine toxic mastitis)
Management of prothrombotic states (Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
Management of tumours (Some tumours are dependent on COX-2 activity. Piroxicam used to treat transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder) |
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Term
|
Definition
| NSAIDs inhibit Cyclooxygenase (COX), which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes |
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Term
|
Definition
Constitutively expressed in most tissues
Involved in normal homeostasis
Many physiological functions - especially maintaining GI tract mucosa
Up-regulated under stress conditions, e.g. nerve injury |
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Term
|
Definition
Constitutively expressed in many tissues, including kidney, testicular ovarian cells and in the CNS
Physiological functions: maintaining renal blood flow, nerve function, bone metabolism
ALSO induced in response to inflammatory stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
Non-selective COX inhibitors (ketoprofen)
Preferential COX-2 inhibitor (carprofen, meloxicam)
Specific COX-2 inhibitor (firocoxib, robenacoxib) |
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Term
|
Definition
Analgesic - Central/Peripheral
Anti-pyretic
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-thrombotic
Anti-endotoxic
Other uses(Cancer treatment) |
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Term
| Harmful effects of NSAIDs |
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Definition
Gastrointestinal - Dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting
Ulceration
Renal toxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Injury to articular cartilage
Precipitate asthma |
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Term
|
Definition
| NSAIDs decrease PG production at site of inflammation - reduced sensitisation of nociceptive nerve endings to inflammatory mediators |
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Term
|
Definition
| NSAIDs block PG release and neuronal excitation - reduced central sensitisation |
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Term
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Definition
| NSAIDs decrease production of PGE2 (which acts on thermoregulatory centre in hypothalamus) thus prevent increase temperature associated with fever |
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Term
|
Definition
Administration (most well absorbed following oral administration, with food, parenteral formulations also available)
Distribution (relatively small Vd – extracellular, highly plasma protein bound (>99%), good penetration into acute inflammatory exudate)
Metabolism/excretion (generally by conjugation and renal elimination of metabolites (some biliary elimination)
marked interspecies variability) |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Blocking drugs |
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Definition
Neuromuscular Blocking drugs target Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors
Competitive antagonist
Nerve impulses blocked
Muscle can still respond to direct stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
Effects:
flaccid motor paralysis
respiratory muscles last to be affected and first to recover
Unwanted (side) effects:
fall in blood pressure: ganglion block / histamine release
tachycardia: muscarinic receptor block |
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Term
|
Definition
Mostly quaternary ammonium compounds
Administered IV
Rate of onset and duration vary
Generally metabolised by the liver or excreted unchanged by the kidney
Small Volume of Distribution |
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Term
| Two Main Groups of NMB Drugs |
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Definition
Aminosteroids (suffix ‘-onium’)
vecuronium, rocuronium, pancuronium,
Benzylisoquinolines
atracurium, cisatracurium, mivacurium |
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Term
|
Definition
steroid compound
devoid of cardiovascular side-effects
excreted unchanged in bile |
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Term
|
Definition
fastest onset (<2 min)
occasional tachycardia in dogs |
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Term
|
Definition
can release histamine (uncommon in animals)
Hofmann elimination: spontaneous degradation at physiological pH and temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
are only administered IV
will induce apnoea, so patient must be mechanically ventilated
are only administered to anaesthetised patients
have no anaesthetic or analgesic effects
can be ‘topped up’ or given by IV infusion for as long as required |
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Term
| Indications for muscle relaxers |
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Definition
to facilitate endotracheal intubation
to relax skeletal muscle for easier surgical access
to control ventilation during anaesthesia
ophthalmic surgery |
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Term
|
Definition
eg atropine, glycopyrrolate
(Sometimes called anticholinergic drugs)
reversals |
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Term
| Centrally acting muscle relaxants |
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Definition
Benzodiazepines
diazepam; midazolam
Guaifenesin (glycerol gualacolate, “Gee-Gee”)
blocks impulse transmission at internuncial neurones within spinal cord and brain-stem
relaxes limb > respiratory muscle
mild sedation, no analgesia |
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Term
| Modes of delivery for Ectoparasiticides |
|
Definition
Ear tags, tapes, collars for farm animal species
Pour on solutions for large and small animals
Spot on solutions
Collars for cats and dogs
Dips for farm animals species
Oral tablets or suspensions
Sprays |
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Term
|
Definition
target a feature of the parasite that is
different from the host. (specific ion channels, metabolism, receptors, proteins) |
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Term
Organophosphates
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| selective inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase |
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Term
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Definition
| flies, fleas, lice, ticks and mites |
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Term
|
Definition
safely margin is limited for animals
and man and these products carry vital operator warnings |
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Term
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| on presynaptic sodium channels |
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Term
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
Spectrum |
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Definition
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Term
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
Toxicity |
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Definition
| Low if given orally, fish and some aquatic invertebrates are sensitive. |
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Term
Avermectins and Milbemycins
Mechanisn of Action |
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Definition
| Glutamate and/or GABA gated chloride channels |
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Term
Avermectins and Milbemycins
Spectrum |
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Definition
| Systemic; sucking lice, some mange mites, warbles |
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Term
Avermectins and Milbemycins
Toxicity |
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Definition
Sensitive animals including some dog species, kittens, some species of birds, turtles, fish and reptiles
MDR1 mutation in dogs (shepherds, sheep dogs, collies) |
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Term
Amidines
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Octopamine receptor antagonist(behaviour) and alpha2 receptor agonist. Inhibits tick MAO |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Transient sedative actions (12-14h after treatment)
Some dogs show pruritic symptoms
At high exposure: depression and sedation; polyuria; bradycardia; g.i. stasis (horses)
Contraindicated in cats, Chihuahuas, dogs in heat stress
Treatment: alpha 2 antagonist eg atipamezole, yohimbine |
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Term
Cyromazine and Methoprene
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| Insect Growth Regulators (IGR). Effect deposition of chitin in cuticle (Cyromazine) and juvenile hormone (Methoprene) |
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Term
Cyromazine and Methoprene
Spectrum |
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Definition
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Term
Benzoyl urea derivative
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| Inhibits chitin synthase in fleas. Also kills eggs and larvae. |
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Term
Benzoyl urea derivative
Spectrum |
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Definition
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Term
Fipronil
Mechanism of Action |
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Definition
| an antagonist to GABA and glutmate gated chloride channels. Greater affinity for insect receptors; reservoir in skin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fleas, ticks and mites in cats and dogs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Toxic to some gallinaceous birds and some fish and aquatic invertebrates |
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Term
Neonicotinoids
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
Blocks nicotinic receptors. Inhibits
cholinergic transmission causing paralysis and death |
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Term
|
Definition
| fleas in cats and dogs, rabbits, ferrets |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Metaflumizone
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| Blocks voltage dependant sodium channels resulting in paralysis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Oxadiazine insecticides
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| Sodium channel blocker (Needs bioactivation) |
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Term
Oxadiazine insecticides
Spectrum |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Organophosphate
Paracide 62, Golden fleece sheep dip
Cats and dogs: as collars |
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Term
|
Definition
Pyrethroid
Advantix for dogs
Auriplak tag for cattle
Flypor pour on- cattle
Xenex spot on small furries |
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Term
| Permethrin Toxicity in Cats |
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Definition
| Methocarbamol i.v. (centrally acting muscle relaxant), Seizure control (barbiturates, diazepam, inhalant anaesthetics) |
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Term
|
Definition
Avermectins
most commonly used drugs in this class
Ivomec: Cattle, sheep, pigs
Xeno: spot on small furries and
birds (endectocide)
Toxicosis syndrome; mydriasis, depression, tremor, ataxia, stupor, emesis, salivation, coma |
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Term
|
Definition
Avermectins
Stronghold spot on, dogs and cats |
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Term
|
Definition
Amidines
Aludex dogs (POM-V)
ProMeris Duo (with Metaflumizone) (POM-V).
Treatment of adverse effects: alpha 2 antagonist eg atipamezole, yohimbine |
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Term
|
Definition
Benzoyl urea Derivativ
The Program |
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Term
|
Definition
Frontline: cats and dogs (spot on)
Frontline Plus: (Plus methoprene) cats and dogs |
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Term
|
Definition
Neonicotinoid
Advantage: dogs, cats, rabbits
Advantix: (with permethrin) dogs
Advocate: (Plus moxidectin) cats, dogs and ferrets |
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Term
|
Definition
ProMeris: cats and dogs.
ProMetris Duo (with amitraz) fleas and ticks in dogs |
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Term
|
Definition
Oxadiazine insecticides
Activyl tick plus (with permethrin) |
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Term
AntiFungal Drugs
Methods of Classifications |
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Definition
Superficial/Systemic infection
Topical/Systemic administration of drug
Antifungal antibiotics/ Synthetic agents
Fungicidal/Fungistatic
Chemical Subclass |
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|
Term
Anti-Fungal Drugs
Chemical Subclassifications |
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Definition
Antimetabolites
Azoles
Polyenes
Griseofulvin
Allylamines
Glucan Synthesis inhibitors
Other agents |
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Term
| Systemic Fungal Infections |
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Definition
Aspergillus
Candida
Cryptococcus |
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Term
| Superficial Fungal Infections |
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Definition
Dermatophytes
Candida
Malessezia |
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Term
Allylamines
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis
via inhibition of squalene epoxidase (FIRST INTERMEDIATE) (fungicidal) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Allylamines
Pharmacokinetics |
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Definition
| highly lipophilic (persists in skin), hepatic metabolism, faecal and renal elimination |
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Term
Azoles
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis
via inhibition of cytP450-dependent 14-sterol de-methylase (SECOND INTERMEDIATE) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Broad spectrum (generally fungistatic; prolonged treatment) |
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Term
Polyenes
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| binds to ergosterol, disrupts osmotic integrity of the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Glucan Synthesis Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| block synthesis of (1,3) glucan which is needed for the cell wall |
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|
Term
Glucan Synthesis Inhibitors
Spectrum |
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Definition
| Candida & Aspergillus Species |
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Term
Anti-metabolites
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| disrupts protein synthesis (fungicidal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Narrow: Cryptococcus; Candida species |
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Term
Griseofluvin
Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
| selectively deposited in newly formed keratin, inhibits mitosis, disorganises the spindle microtubules (fungistatic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Narrow spectrum (all dermatophytes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibiting the growth of fungi. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fungi that require keratin for growth. These fungi can cause superficial infections of the skin, hair, and nails |
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Term
|
Definition
Allylamine (specifically Terbinafine)
oral and topical
highly lipophilic (persists in skin), hepatic metabolism, faecal and renal elimination |
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Term
| Ketoconazole and Itraconazole |
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Definition
Azoles
weak bases (needs an acid pH for dissolution), lipophilic, highly plasma protein bound, hepatic metabolism and excretion in faeces |
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Term
|
Definition
Azoles
not affected by gastric pH, water soluble and can be given iv, minimally plasma protein bound, minimally metabolised, 80% excreted by kidney unchanged |
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Term
|
Definition
Polyene
poorly water soluble, little absorption from GIT |
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Term
|
Definition
Polyene
poorly water soluble, little absorption from GIT
Spectrum: Yeasts (for otitis externa in dogs and cats) |
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