Term
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Definition
| The of use, effects and modes of actions of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the effects the drugs have on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of what the body does to the drug |
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Term
| What are the two types of drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a selective drug, and give an example? |
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Definition
| NSAIDs, they drugs only target areas of the body where inflammation is present |
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Term
| What is a non selective drug, and give an example? |
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Definition
| ATROPINE - As they drug not only relaxs muscles in the digestive tract, it also relaxes the muscles in the eyes and respiratory tract. |
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Term
| How do drugs cause their effects? |
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Definition
| They cause their effects by binding with special protein receptors on the surface of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| This describes how strongly a drugs has binded to the receptor cell. The stronger the fit the better the affinity the better the effect produced |
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Term
| What is a second messenger? |
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Definition
| Carries the drug from the receptor site to the nucleus of the cell |
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Term
| What does cAMP stand for? |
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Definition
| Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a drug which binds to the cell fully and triggers a response from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when a drug binds to the receptor site but the drug affinity is poor, therefore a response is not triggered, these drugs usually block an action |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs bind to the receptor site, but the affinity is again poor, therefore only a small response is exhibited. |
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Term
| Give one example of a Agonist (Trade and Generic Name) |
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Definition
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Term
| Give one example of a Antagonist (Trade and Generic Name) |
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Definition
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Term
| Give one example of a Partial Agonist (Trade and Generic Name) |
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Definition
| Buprenorphine - Vetergesic |
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Term
| What are the four ways drugs can cause an effect? |
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Definition
1) Interfering with transmitter substances
2) Interacting with the endocrine system
3) Interacting with the cell channels
4)Interfering with enzyme reactions |
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Term
| Give some examples of a transmitter substance? |
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Definition
Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Acetylcholine
Seartonin |
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Term
| When drugs interact with the endocrine system, what do they do? |
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Definition
| Mimic the hormone produced by the cell to effect the target organ/cell. Drugs can also bind with hormone secreting cells to enhance or inhibit hormone secretions |
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Term
| Give an example of a type of drug which works by influencing the cell channels |
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Definition
| Calcium Channel Blockers - block clacium from entering the smooth muscle in the arterial wall |
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Term
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Definition
| This involves the conversion of one drug entity into another |
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Term
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Definition
| This involves the loss the drugs from the body |
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Term
| Give three ways in which drugs can leave the body |
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Definition
Urine - Kidenys
Faeces - Hepatobiliary System
Expiration - Lungs |
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Term
| Drugs can leave the body via urine unchanged or metabolised, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some drugs are secreted into the bile via the liver and are then eliminated in the faeces, which system is responsible for this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main aims of drug metabolism? |
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Definition
| To make the drug more hydrophilic and decrease the bioavailability of the drug making it less active. |
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Term
| What happens in phase one of metabolism |
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Definition
The drug is either:
Oxidised by adding 02 or taking H
Reduced by adding H or electrons
Hydrolysed by adding h20 |
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Term
| Where does phase two of metabolism occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens in phase two of metabolism? |
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Definition
| Conjugation with a endogenous substances |
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Term
| What is the process of oxidation catalysed by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Breifly describe first pass metabolism |
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Definition
| When ORAL MEDICATION is taken it is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract where it tavels via the hepatic protal vein to the Liver where some of the drug is metabolised and eliminted while some is reabsorbed into the systemic circulation, this reduces the bioavlibility of the drug |
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Term
| How do bacteria replicate? |
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Definition
By conjugation
By Binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs kill the bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs stop the bacteria replicating and leaves the immune system to remove them |
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Term
| What are the two types of antibiotics which work by inhibiting the peptidogylcan production is the cell wall? |
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Definition
Penicillins
Cephalosporins |
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Term
| What do some bacteria produces which renders penicillin ? |
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Definition
Penicillinases
B-Lactamases |
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Term
| Give two examples of Benzyl Penicillin |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are Benzyl Penicillin's broad spectrum or narrow spectrum? |
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Definition
| Narrow spectrum againest Gram +ve bacteria |
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Term
| Give two examples of Aminopenicillins including the trade and generic name |
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Definition
Amoxcillin (Bimoxyl)
Ampicillin (Ampifen) |
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Term
| Are aminopenicillins broad spectrum or narrow spectrum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are bacteria which produce penicillinase, resistant to aminopenicillins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give an example of a potentiated drug |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the active ingredients of Synulox ? |
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Definition
| Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid |
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Term
| Flucloxacillin is resistant to penicillinase, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which penicillins are naturally resistant to penicillinase? |
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Definition
Oxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Cloxacillin |
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Term
| Why do we add a adjuct to pencillin? |
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Definition
| Pencillin is absorbed and secreted rapidly, therefore by adding a adjuct the rate of absorption can be slowed down |
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Term
| What adjucts do we add to pencillin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the limitations of Penicillin? |
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Definition
Destroyed by stomach acid
destroyed by penicillinase
Can cause hypersensitivity
Mainly effective againest gram + bacteria |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses of penicillin? |
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Definition
Skin and soft tissue infections
bone and joint infections
bronchitis
Endocarditis |
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Term
| Give an example of a cephalosporin |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which two groups of drugs inhibit protein synthesis within bacteria? |
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Definition
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides |
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Term
| Give three examples of Tetracylines |
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Definition
Doxycyline
Oxytetracycline
Chlortetracycline |
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Term
| Which tetracyline causes oesophagititous in cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are Tetracylines Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main side effect which owners should be informed of with tetracylines? |
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Definition
| That when given to young animals they can cause discolouration of the teeth and bones |
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Term
| Why should Clindamycin not be given to small furries? |
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Definition
| Because it causes Enterotoxaemia |
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Term
| What is chloramphenicol used for for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do we use Lincomycin to treat commonly? |
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Definition
| Bone and Joint Infections |
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Term
| Give three examples of Aminoglycosides |
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Definition
Gentamicin (Tiacil)
Amikacin
Streptomycin (Duphapen+strep) |
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Term
| What are the main side effects of Aminoglycosides? |
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Definition
| Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity |
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Term
| Which group of antibiotics affect cell membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do polymixins cause an effect on the bacteria? |
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Definition
| They embed themselves in the cell membrane causing distortion |
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Term
| Give an example of Polymixins |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should Polymixins not be used if the tympanic membrane is ruptured? |
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Definition
| As these drugs are potentially ototoxic |
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Term
| Which drugs inhibit RNA/DNA synthesis in the bacterium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give two examples of Fluroquinolones |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the danger with giving Baytril to a young animal? |
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Definition
| This drug can cause cartilage abnormalities in growing animals |
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Term
| What should you never use fluroquinolones with and why? |
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Definition
| They should never be used with NSAIDs because adverse CNS effects have been noted |
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Term
| Which type of antibiotic interferes with folate the enzyme needed for the synthesis of DNA/RNA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give an example of a Sulphonamide |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Sulfadiazine often potentiated with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
The lowest concentration of drug needed to inhibit the growth of bacteria |
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Term
| What are the four things that drugs of the gastrointestinal system focus on? |
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Definition
Emesis
Gastric Secretions
Motility of Intestines
Bile formation |
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Term
| Which hormones regulate HCL production? |
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Definition
Gastrin
Acetylcholine
Histamine |
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Term
| What inhibits the secretion of hCL and how? |
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Definition
| Prostaglandins inhibit the secretion by stimulating the release of Mucus and Biocarbonate production |
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Term
| What do Parietal cells respond to? |
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Definition
Gastrin Receptors
Muscarnic receptors
H2 Receptors |
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Term
| In practice when would a gastric acid inhibitor be used? |
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Definition
Gastric or Duodenal Ulcers
Reflux Oesophagitis
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome |
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Term
| Give two examples of Histamine H2 Antagonists |
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Definition
Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Ranitidine (Zantac) |
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Term
| What are some common side effects of Histamine H2 Antagonists? |
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Definition
Hepatotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Thrombocytopenia
Hypotension
Cardiac Arryhmias |
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Term
| What does Cimetidine inhibit and how does it work? |
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Definition
| It inhibits Cytochrome P450s and slows metabolism |
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Term
| Give an example of a Proton pump inhibitor and state its trade name |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| These work by raising the pH of the stomach and neutralizing gastric acid |
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Term
| Give three examples of Antacids |
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Definition
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Trisilicate
Sodium Bicarbonates |
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Term
| What do we use with antacids to treat reflux oesophagitits and why? |
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Definition
| Alginates as they increase the adherence of mucus to the oesophageal mucosa |
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Term
| Give three examples of Mucosal Protectors and their trade names (if applicable) |
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Definition
Bismuth Chelate
Sucralfate (antepsin)
Misoprostol (Cytotec) |
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Term
| How does Bismuth Chelate work? |
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Definition
Absorbs Pepsin
Enhances Prostaglandins
Enhances Bicarbonate |
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Term
| How does sucralfate work? |
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Definition
| Prevents the degradtion of mucus and stimulates its production |
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Term
| How does Misoprostol work? |
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Definition
| Stimulates mucus and bicarb production |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs given to inhibit the vomiting reflex |
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Term
| What is the trade name for Maropitant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the trade name for Metaclopramide ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antiemetic is licensed for dogs, cerenia or maxolon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receptor does cerenia work on? |
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Definition
| Neurokin 1 receptor antagonist in the medullary vomitting centre |
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Term
| What receptor does Maxolon work on? |
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Definition
| Dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla |
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Term
| What are some of the side effects of metoclopramide? |
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Definition
Depression
Twitching
Restlessness |
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Term
| What is the function of a purgative? |
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Definition
| To increase the rate of transit of food through the intestines |
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Term
| Give an example of a bulk laxitive |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Bran work as a bulk laxitive? |
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Definition
| Promotes Peristalsis and Retains water |
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Term
| Give an example of a osmotic laxitive |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| By maintaining water in the intestinal lumen by osmosis |
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Term
| Give an example of a Faecal Softner |
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Definition
| Docusate Sodium (Detergent) |
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Term
| Whats is the function of a Stimulate Purgative? |
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Definition
| They increase the water and electrolyte secretion and increase peristalsis |
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Term
| Give three examples of Stimulate Puragtives |
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Definition
Bisacodyl
Sodium Picsosulfate
Senna |
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Term
| Gives two examples of Antidiarrhoeals |
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Definition
Loperamide (Immodium)
Bismuth Subsalicylate |
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Term
| Which drugs do we use when treating Inflammatory Bowl Disease |
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Definition
Glucocorticoid
Sulfasalazine
Metronidazole |
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Term
| What are the three main actions of NSAIDs ? |
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Definition
1) Anti-inflammatory
2) Analgesia
3) Anti-pyretic |
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Term
| What enzyme do NSAIDS inhibit? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the Cox-1 enzyme found and what is it involved in? |
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Definition
| Found in most body tissues and is involved in homeostatsis |
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Term
| Where is the Cox-2 enzyme found and what is it involved in? |
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Definition
| Found when inflammatory cells are activated and are responsible for inducing inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| What happens when a NSAID inhibits the COX-1 enzymes as well as the COX-2 enzymes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Cox enzymes needs to be inhibited for an Anti-inflammatory effect to take place? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances sensitises the pain receptors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What action does a NSAID have on Prostaglandins? |
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Definition
| It decreases the production of them |
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Term
| How do NSAID's have a anti-pyretic effect? |
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Definition
| They reset the brains thermoset to the correct temperature |
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Term
| What are the common side effects of NSAID use? |
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Definition
GI disturbance
Skin Reactions
Renal Disease
Liver Disease |
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Term
| When can't Metacam (Meloxicam) be used? |
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Definition
| In patients that are dehydrated, hypotensive, pregnant or younger that six weeks old |
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Term
| What is the trade name for Carprofen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the generic name for previcox? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretions do the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretions does the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Steroid? |
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Definition
Glucocoticoids
Mineralcorticoid
Adrenal Sex Steroids |
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Term
| What are the functions of Glucocoticoids? |
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Definition
Raising BS levels
Control of electrolyte balance
Anti-inflammatory response
Suppress Immune Response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aldosterone (regulating the balance of water in the body) |
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Term
| What are the two most common Adrenal Gland Disorders |
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Definition
Cushings Disease
Addisons Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks Dopamingic transmission in the brain |
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Term
| Give a example of a Butyrophenone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give two examples of Benzopdiazepine? |
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Definition
Diazepam (Valium)
Hyponovell (Midazolam) |
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Term
| How do Benzopdiazepines work? |
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Definition
| Enhances GABA in the central nervous system |
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Term
| What is the technical terms for Sedatives ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a sedative |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Three examples of Barbiturates |
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Definition
Thiopentone Sodium
Methohexitone Sodium
Pentobarbitone Sodium |
|
|
Term
| Two examples of a steroid anaesthetic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Alphaxalone
Alphadolone
Both are insoluble in water and dissolve in which solvent instead? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should Alphaxalone and Alphadolone not be used in dogs? |
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Definition
| Because the solvent releases Histamine which causes hypotension in dogs |
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|
Term
| Why should Propofol not be given in a iv rapid bolus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must you combine Ketamine with another drug when using it? |
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Definition
| On its own it can cause muscle rigidity making surgery hard |
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|
Term
| What drugs could you use with Ketamine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When must ketamine not be used? |
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Definition
| In animals with cardiac problems as this drug has a stimulatory effect |
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Term
| Give two examples of Inhalation gases |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give several examples of Volatile agents |
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Definition
Halothane
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane |
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|
Term
| Describe the cylinder that contains oxygen |
|
Definition
| Black cylinders with white necks |
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|
Term
| What is the 2nd gas effect? |
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Definition
| This is when the drug is very insoluble in blood and leaves the alvelous quickly, therefore the remaining gases increase in concentration |
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|
Term
| What is diffusion Hypoxia? |
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Definition
| When n02 is turned off levels in the blood are higher than in the alveolar and therefore the n02 returns to the alveolar quickly, diluting the 02 there and causing the patient to inspire hypoxic gas |
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