Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic bronchodilators: Terbutaline, Albuterol, Clenbuterol |
|
Definition
| B2 selective for bronchodilation: catecholamine binds AR - Gs - activated AC - increase cAMP - dilation, decrease inflammation; tx for dogs (bronchospasm), horse (COPD), and cats |
|
|
Term
| Methylxanthines: Theophylline, Aminophylline, Caffeine, Theobromine |
|
Definition
| (1) Inhibits phosphodiesterase that breaks down cAMP, so cAMP is increased; (2) Antagonizes adenosine receptors tat stimulate contraction (Gi); Result - bronchodilation, CNS/Cardiac stimulation, Anti-inflammatory (mast cell degranulation), increased mucociliary clearance |
|
|
Term
| Anticholinergics: Atropine, Ipratropium |
|
Definition
| Nonspecific Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist; side effects - tachycardia, mydriasis, decreaes GI motility, colic in horses, reduced ciliary beat frequency, decreased respiratory mucus secretion |
|
|
Term
| Mast Cell stabilizers: Cromolyn |
|
Definition
| Used in diseases with increased mast cell activity - allergy/asthma; mechanism unclear - Ag that reduces intracellular Ca++/prevents degranulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bronchodilators - relieve bronchospasm (primary stimulus) |
|
|
Term
| Central Antitussives: Dextromethorphan |
|
Definition
| Opioid agonists: depress sensitivity of cough center to afferent stimuli - elevates cough threshold; majority of cough-medicines/non-narcotic |
|
|
Term
| Central Antitussive: Codeine |
|
Definition
| Opioid agonists: mu - depresses senstivity to afferent stimuli; narcotic; constipation/sedation |
|
|
Term
| Central Antitiussive: Buorphenol |
|
Definition
| Opioid agonist: depresseses sensitivity to afferent stimuli; mu, kappa, sigma; narcotic; used more for analgesai |
|
|
Term
| Central Antitussive: Hydrocodone |
|
Definition
| Opioid agonist: depresses sensitivity to afferent stimuli; mu; lke Codein but more POTENT and used in dogs |
|
|
Term
| Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent: Systemic Fluid therapy |
|
Definition
| Most important; maintains adquate hydration; replaces sol layer |
|
|
Term
| Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent: Iodie salts |
|
Definition
| Irritates mucous glands to produce productive cough; don't use if hypothyroid, preggers, lactating |
|
|
Term
| Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent: Guaifenesin |
|
Definition
| Unknown mechanism - maybe vagal stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent:N-Acetylcystein (NAC) |
|
Definition
| Breaks up disulfide linkages in mucoproteins, antioxidant properties; Uses - acetaminophen toxicity, respiratory/ophthalmic use, chondroid, meconium impactions, pulmonary fibrosis by increasing glutathione |
|
|
Term
| Decongestants: Deimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine |
|
Definition
| H1 receptor blockers (antihistamines) |
|
|
Term
| Decongestants: ephedrine, pseudophedrine (Sudafed), phenylephrine |
|
Definition
| alpha-adrenergic agonists |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Stimulants: Doxapram, Acupunction |
|
Definition
| Stimulate respiratory centers in medulla via chemoreceptors in carotid arteries (tx for drug-induced medullary depression, apnea in neonates) |
|
|
Term
| Positive inotrope: Pimobendan (look at more detail in notes) |
|
Definition
| Mechanism: increases sensitivity of myocardial Ca++, which increases affinity of troponinC to Ca++ to increase actin/myosin interaction and increase force of contraction; also acts as ateriola/venodilator and lusitrope; PDE type III inhibitor in heart; PDE II/V inhibitor in smooth muscle; Oxidative demethylation to active metabolite that has longer action; excreted via GI so don't need renal function |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamine: Dobutamine |
|
Definition
| B1 selective agonist - increases contraction, sinus node discharge rate, lusitrope; Uses - Dogs (heart failure due to dec systolic function), Dats (heart failure to dec diastolic function), Large animals (emergency CHF), B-blocker overdose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Precursor of NE - causes NE release from cardiac nerve endings; used in low doses for management of oliguric renal failure |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamine: Epinephrine |
|
Definition
| Alpha/Beta adrenergic agonist - used in cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
| Digoxin (look at more detail in notes) |
|
Definition
| Positive inotrope: inhibits Na+/K+/ATPase in myocytes to increase cytosolic Na+ so that more Ca++ is exchanged, which elicits more action potentials - (1) dec neurohumoral activity by stimulating PS and inhibititing S; (2) Antiarrhythmic effects - negative chronotrope (increases efferent vagal effects/slows SA node depolarization - slows AV ocnduction & ventricular response ot rapid SV rhythms); Clinical - chronic positive ionotorpe for myocardial failure, tx for supraventricular arrythmias (esp. A-fib), chronic vagomimetic to modulate neurohormaonal activation in CHF |
|
|
Term
| Venodilator: ACE inhibitor: Enalapril, Benazepril, Ramipil |
|
Definition
| Prevents formation of Angiontensin II in lungs and vascular endothelial cells, which (1) block s release of aldosterone (prevents Na+/H2O retention) and (2) prevents vasoconstricction with result of slowing myocyte hypertrophy/fibrosis…. Enalalpril decreases systemic vascular resistance, minor decrease in HR, slight increase in CO, and few side effects - improves quality of life for CHF; active metabolite longer duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct arteriolor dilator - POTENT - elevates local conc. of PGI2, inhibits Ca++ influx into smooth muscle and used for acute hypertension/reduction of CHF cough |
|
|
Term
| Venodilator: Nitroglycerin |
|
Definition
| Direct relaxant of venous smooth muscle; provides precursors for NO (venodilator); used for acute tx of cardiogenic pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
| Venodilator: Sodium nitroprusside |
|
Definition
| Direct arteriolar and venodilator to tx acute/sever hypertension, acute heart failure 2nd to mitral regurgitation, ICU; watch out for cyanogen |
|
|
Term
| Venodilator: RAAS inhibitor |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists - Mineralocorticoid Receptor antagonist in kidney, Myocardium, Vascular smooth muscle, and endothelial cells; improves vascular compliance and slows progression of L ventricle dysfunction/end-organ failure |
|
|
Term
| Class IA Antiarrhythmitic: Quinidine |
|
Definition
| Na+ channel block, K+ block, alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker (hypotension leads to compensatory increase in S via barorecept to inc HR), Anticholinergic activity (anti-vagal to inc HR/enhace AV conduction; Drug of choice for ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (supraventricular) in horse/cattle |
|
|
Term
| Class IA Antiarrhythmitic: Procainamide |
|
Definition
| Na+ blockers and prolong repolarization by blocking K+ channels - Tx for VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS |
|
|
Term
| Class IB Antiarrhythmitic: Lidocaine |
|
Definition
| Lowest potential as a Na+ channel blocker - shortens action potential duration and has affinity for binding inactivated Na+ channels in disease and ischemic tissue; used for acute control of Ventricular Tachycardias by suppressnig automaticity and conduction velocity - enhanced by high K+, prolongs refractoriness in ischemic/diseased cardiac cells |
|
|
Term
| Class IB Antiarrhythmitic: Mexiletine |
|
Definition
| Oral, chronic tx of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and often co-administered with a B-blocker |
|
|
Term
| Class IC Antiarrhythmitic: Encainide, Lorcainide, Flecainide |
|
Definition
| Most potent Na+ blockers, little effect on repolarization |
|
|
Term
| Class II B-Blockers: Propranolol |
|
Definition
| Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors… This one is non-selective (B1/B2) - use to tx supraventricular tachycarida, pre-excitation tacharrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| Class II B-Blockers: Atenolol |
|
Definition
| Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors… this one is selective for B1 - 2x daily in a cat and arrhythmia drug of choice in cats |
|
|
Term
| Class II B-Blockers: Esmolol |
|
Definition
| Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors… This one is selective for B1 - ultra short acting/used for actue IV therapy for supra- and ventricular arhythmias |
|
|
Term
| Class II B-Blockers: Sotalol |
|
Definition
| Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors…also aclass II drug |
|
|
Term
| Class III: Sotalol, Amiodarone |
|
Definition
| Lengthen action potential duration by increasing refractoriness via inhibition of repolarizing K+ channels (blocks outward K+ channels) - may increase threshold for A and V-fib; may lead to torsades de pointes… remember there is no "pure" K+ blocker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreases the slow inward Ca++ currents by blocking Ca++ channel - decreases automaticity of SA node and slows transmission through AV node, peripheral vasodilation, negativ inotropism, indicated for SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIAS; drug of choice in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventricular tachyarrhytmia tx; affects K+ and Ca++ fluxes across membrane; can be used in arrhythmias induced by digoxin or quinidine |
|
|
Term
| Prokinetic: Cholinergic - Bethanacol |
|
Definition
| Muscarinic agonist - stimulates M2 receptors, parasympathetic activyt of GI; used in horses |
|
|
Term
| Prokinetic: Dopamine antagonist - Metoclopramide |
|
Definition
| Dopamine inhibits rease of Ach vesicles, so we antagonize dopamine so WE DO get Ach - causes direct release of Ach from myentier plexus and promotes progessive motility from esophagus to proximal small intestine; crosses BBB - side effects |
|
|
Term
| Prokinetic: Serotonin agonist - Cisapride |
|
Definition
| 5-HT4 agonist - indirect stimulation of cholinergic nerve to increase release of Ach from myenteric plexus; does not cross BBB; effective from esophagus to colon |
|
|
Term
| Prokinetic: Motilin agnoist - Erythromycin |
|
Definition
| Borad spectrum macrolide antibiotic in doses 1/50th the amount |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct afferent neural suppression from peritoneum, induces analgesia, antiinflammatory, directly stimulates intestinal smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Antimotility: Opioids - meperidine derivatives (diphenoxylate) - crosses BBB; Loperamide (imodium) does not cross BBB |
|
Definition
| Act on mu or delta receptors - mu increase anal sphincter tone, disrupts peristalsis, decreases secretions (increase circular smooth muscle contractions, decrease longtudinal smooth muscle contractions) |
|
|
Term
| Protectant: Bismuth subsalicylate (pepto bismol) |
|
Definition
| Bismuth salt absorb toxins, subsalicylate provides local anti-inflammtory effects (NSAID), anisecretory/antimicrobial properties |
|
|
Term
| Protectant: Kaolin/pectin (kaopectate) |
|
Definition
| Absorb bacterial and coat inflammed mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Probiotics: Lactobacilus, Enterococcus |
|
Definition
| Supplements containing live non-pathogenic bacteria that alters microflora, decreases adherence of pathogenic bacteria, and decreases permeabilyty and cytokine expression |
|
|
Term
| Cathartics - osmotic - Lactulose |
|
Definition
| Nonabsorbable disaccharide of galactose and fructose metabolized by bacteria to release organic acids/draw water in |
|
|
Term
| Cathartics - osmotic - Magnesium sulfate |
|
Definition
| Osmotic response to poorly absrbed Mg, inhibits absorption of Na |
|
|
Term
| Cathartics - irritants - Caster oil |
|
Definition
| Prompt evacuation of whole intestinal tract (last resort) |
|
|
Term
| Laxatives - Petrolatum (Laxatone, Kat-A-Lax) |
|
Definition
| Lubricates hairballs in GI and impairs water reabsorbtion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use for impaction colic in horses |
|
|
Term
| Surfactant - Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) |
|
Definition
| Impaction colic in horses that don't respond to mineral oil or constipation in dogs/cats - don't use if surgery imminent because very irritative |
|
|
Term
| Surfactants - Ruminotrorics (Poloxalene, Mineral oil/water) |
|
Definition
| Promote motility and decrease inciden of frothy bloat |
|
|
Term
| Bulking agent - Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (Metamucil) |
|
Definition
| Increase bulk by absorbing water, reflux motility, sand impaction in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bran/Prunes - reflux motility |
|
|
Term
| Antisecretory drug - H2 receptor antagonist (Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine) |
|
Definition
| Competitively inhibit interaction of histamine with ONLY the H2 receptor… inhibits histamine effects induced by gastrin and muscarinic agonists, inhibits basal and food induced H+ secretion, dec volume of gastric juice and H+ concentration |
|
|
Term
| Antisecretory drug - Proton Pump Inhibitor (Omeprazole, Esomeprazole) |
|
Definition
| Binds to H+/K+/ATPase pump irreversiblty (need an acidic environment to work) - more potent than H2 blockers |
|
|
Term
| Gastric cylcoprotective agent - Antacid (Aluminum or magnesium hydroxide) |
|
Definition
| Chemically neutralize H+ in gastric lumen; Aluminum salts work best - stimulates mucosal defenses and binds pepsin |
|
|
Term
| Gastric clycloprotective agent - Sucralfate |
|
Definition
| Complex of salt of sucrose sulfate and aluminum hydroxide; need a pH < 4 to form a stick viscious "band-aid" on ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Antisecretory/cycloprotective - Prostaglandins (Misoprostol = synthetic) |
|
Definition
| PGE2/PGI2 inhibit acid secretion, stimulate mucus and bicarb section, and enhance local blood flow - tx for ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral acting emetics: Hydrogen Peroxide (3%) |
|
Definition
| Irritating stomach/stimulates CRTZ, also CN 9 (pharynx) |
|
|
Term
| Central acting emetic - Apomorphine |
|
Definition
| Acts on D2 receptors and central muscarinic receptors; use in DOGS; synthetic derivative of morphine; cause depression of CNS; reverse with naloxone |
|
|
Term
| Central acting emetic - Xylazine, Medetomidine |
|
Definition
| Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists; use in CATS; may aggrevate vagal mediated bradycardia and hypotension |
|
|
Term
| Antiemetic: D2 antagonists - Metoclopramide (reglan) |
|
Definition
| Works on D2 receptors in CRTZ, lowers seizure threshold, blocks 5HT3, cholinergic activity, used as prokinetic |
|
|
Term
| Antiemetic: D2 antagonist - Phenothizaines (ACE, Chloropromazine, mepazine, perpehazine, prochorpeerazine) |
|
Definition
| Lowers seizure threshold; blocks 5HT3, antimuscarinic, anti-alpha adrenergic, antihistaminergic |
|
|
Term
| Antiemetic: Antihistamines - Deiphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
|
Definition
| H1 blocker; works best in dogs; tx for emesis caused by motion sickness |
|
|
Term
| Antiemetic: M1 antagonist |
|
Definition
| Made for people - best for motion sickness and inhibiting vagal impulses from GI |
|
|
Term
| Antiemetic: Serotonergic antagonist and agonist |
|
Definition
| Emesis caused by anti-cancer therapy |
|
|
Term
| Antiemetic: Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (Maropitant/Cerenia) |
|
Definition
| Block central binding of substance P, the major NT in emetic center; block receptors located in CRTZ, enteric plexus of gut; Used for non-specific vomiting, chemotherapy induced, motion sickness |
|
|
