Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Pharmacology - Exam II - Jorgensen
More Drugs, Mechanisms, and some fun facts
71
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
03/13/2013

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Drug
Definition
Mechanism
Term
Adrenergic bronchodilators: Terbutaline, Albuterol, Clenbuterol
Definition
B2 selective for bronchodilation: catecholamine binds AR - Gs - activated AC - increase cAMP - dilation, decrease inflammation; tx for dogs (bronchospasm), horse (COPD), and cats
Term
Methylxanthines: Theophylline, Aminophylline, Caffeine, Theobromine
Definition
(1) Inhibits phosphodiesterase that breaks down cAMP, so cAMP is increased; (2) Antagonizes adenosine receptors tat stimulate contraction (Gi); Result - bronchodilation, CNS/Cardiac stimulation, Anti-inflammatory (mast cell degranulation), increased mucociliary clearance
Term
Anticholinergics: Atropine, Ipratropium
Definition
Nonspecific Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist; side effects - tachycardia, mydriasis, decreaes GI motility, colic in horses, reduced ciliary beat frequency, decreased respiratory mucus secretion
Term
Mast Cell stabilizers: Cromolyn
Definition
Used in diseases with increased mast cell activity - allergy/asthma; mechanism unclear - Ag that reduces intracellular Ca++/prevents degranulation
Term
Peripheral Antitussives
Definition
Bronchodilators - relieve bronchospasm (primary stimulus)
Term
Central Antitussives: Dextromethorphan
Definition
Opioid agonists: depress sensitivity of cough center to afferent stimuli - elevates cough threshold; majority of cough-medicines/non-narcotic
Term
Central Antitussive: Codeine
Definition
Opioid agonists: mu - depresses senstivity to afferent stimuli; narcotic; constipation/sedation
Term
Central Antitiussive: Buorphenol
Definition
Opioid agonist: depresseses sensitivity to afferent stimuli; mu, kappa, sigma; narcotic; used more for analgesai
Term
Central Antitussive: Hydrocodone
Definition
Opioid agonist: depresses sensitivity to afferent stimuli; mu; lke Codein but more POTENT and used in dogs
Term
Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent: Systemic Fluid therapy
Definition
Most important; maintains adquate hydration; replaces sol layer
Term
Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent: Iodie salts
Definition
Irritates mucous glands to produce productive cough; don't use if hypothyroid, preggers, lactating
Term
Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent: Guaifenesin
Definition
Unknown mechanism - maybe vagal stimulation
Term
Expectorant/Mucolytic Agent:N-Acetylcystein (NAC)
Definition
Breaks up disulfide linkages in mucoproteins, antioxidant properties; Uses - acetaminophen toxicity, respiratory/ophthalmic use, chondroid, meconium impactions, pulmonary fibrosis by increasing glutathione
Term
Decongestants: Deimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine
Definition
H1 receptor blockers (antihistamines)
Term
Decongestants: ephedrine, pseudophedrine (Sudafed), phenylephrine
Definition
alpha-adrenergic agonists
Term
Respiratory Stimulants: Doxapram, Acupunction
Definition
Stimulate respiratory centers in medulla via chemoreceptors in carotid arteries (tx for drug-induced medullary depression, apnea in neonates)
Term
Positive inotrope: Pimobendan (look at more detail in notes)
Definition
Mechanism: increases sensitivity of myocardial Ca++, which increases affinity of troponinC to Ca++ to increase actin/myosin interaction and increase force of contraction; also acts as ateriola/venodilator and lusitrope; PDE type III inhibitor in heart; PDE II/V inhibitor in smooth muscle; Oxidative demethylation to active metabolite that has longer action; excreted via GI so don't need renal function
Term
Catecholamine: Dobutamine
Definition
B1 selective agonist - increases contraction, sinus node discharge rate, lusitrope; Uses - Dogs (heart failure due to dec systolic function), Dats (heart failure to dec diastolic function), Large animals (emergency CHF), B-blocker overdose
Term
Catecholamine: Dopamine
Definition
Precursor of NE - causes NE release from cardiac nerve endings; used in low doses for management of oliguric renal failure
Term
Catecholamine: Epinephrine
Definition
Alpha/Beta adrenergic agonist - used in cardiac arrest
Term
Digoxin (look at more detail in notes)
Definition
Positive inotrope: inhibits Na+/K+/ATPase in myocytes to increase cytosolic Na+ so that more Ca++ is exchanged, which elicits more action potentials - (1) dec neurohumoral activity by stimulating PS and inhibititing S; (2) Antiarrhythmic effects - negative chronotrope (increases efferent vagal effects/slows SA node depolarization - slows AV ocnduction & ventricular response ot rapid SV rhythms); Clinical - chronic positive ionotorpe for myocardial failure, tx for supraventricular arrythmias (esp. A-fib), chronic vagomimetic to modulate neurohormaonal activation in CHF
Term
Venodilator: ACE inhibitor: Enalapril, Benazepril, Ramipil
Definition
Prevents formation of Angiontensin II in lungs and vascular endothelial cells, which (1) block s release of aldosterone (prevents Na+/H2O retention) and (2) prevents vasoconstricction with result of slowing myocyte hypertrophy/fibrosis…. Enalalpril decreases systemic vascular resistance, minor decrease in HR, slight increase in CO, and few side effects - improves quality of life for CHF; active metabolite longer duration
Term
Venodilator: Hydralazine
Definition
Direct arteriolor dilator - POTENT - elevates local conc. of PGI2, inhibits Ca++ influx into smooth muscle and used for acute hypertension/reduction of CHF cough
Term
Venodilator: Nitroglycerin
Definition
Direct relaxant of venous smooth muscle; provides precursors for NO (venodilator); used for acute tx of cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Term
Venodilator: Sodium nitroprusside
Definition
Direct arteriolar and venodilator to tx acute/sever hypertension, acute heart failure 2nd to mitral regurgitation, ICU; watch out for cyanogen
Term
Venodilator: RAAS inhibitor
Definition
Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists - Mineralocorticoid Receptor antagonist in kidney, Myocardium, Vascular smooth muscle, and endothelial cells; improves vascular compliance and slows progression of L ventricle dysfunction/end-organ failure
Term
Class IA Antiarrhythmitic: Quinidine
Definition
Na+ channel block, K+ block, alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker (hypotension leads to compensatory increase in S via barorecept to inc HR), Anticholinergic activity (anti-vagal to inc HR/enhace AV conduction; Drug of choice for ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (supraventricular) in horse/cattle
Term
Class IA Antiarrhythmitic: Procainamide
Definition
Na+ blockers and prolong repolarization by blocking K+ channels - Tx for VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIAS
Term
Class IB Antiarrhythmitic: Lidocaine
Definition
Lowest potential as a Na+ channel blocker - shortens action potential duration and has affinity for binding inactivated Na+ channels in disease and ischemic tissue; used for acute control of Ventricular Tachycardias by suppressnig automaticity and conduction velocity - enhanced by high K+, prolongs refractoriness in ischemic/diseased cardiac cells
Term
Class IB Antiarrhythmitic: Mexiletine
Definition
Oral, chronic tx of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and often co-administered with a B-blocker
Term
Class IC Antiarrhythmitic: Encainide, Lorcainide, Flecainide
Definition
Most potent Na+ blockers, little effect on repolarization
Term
Class II B-Blockers: Propranolol
Definition
Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors… This one is non-selective (B1/B2) - use to tx supraventricular tachycarida, pre-excitation tacharrhythmias
Term
Class II B-Blockers: Atenolol
Definition
Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors… this one is selective for B1 - 2x daily in a cat and arrhythmia drug of choice in cats
Term
Class II B-Blockers: Esmolol
Definition
Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors… This one is selective for B1 - ultra short acting/used for actue IV therapy for supra- and ventricular arhythmias
Term
Class II B-Blockers: Sotalol
Definition
Indirect effect to decrease Ca++ / reduce S excitation of heart through blockage of B1 receptors…also aclass II drug
Term
Class III: Sotalol, Amiodarone
Definition
Lengthen action potential duration by increasing refractoriness via inhibition of repolarizing K+ channels (blocks outward K+ channels) - may increase threshold for A and V-fib; may lead to torsades de pointes… remember there is no "pure" K+ blocker
Term
Class IV: Diltiazem
Definition
Decreases the slow inward Ca++ currents by blocking Ca++ channel - decreases automaticity of SA node and slows transmission through AV node, peripheral vasodilation, negativ inotropism, indicated for SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIAS; drug of choice in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Term
MgSO4
Definition
Ventricular tachyarrhytmia tx; affects K+ and Ca++ fluxes across membrane; can be used in arrhythmias induced by digoxin or quinidine
Term
Prokinetic: Cholinergic - Bethanacol
Definition
Muscarinic agonist - stimulates M2 receptors, parasympathetic activyt of GI; used in horses
Term
Prokinetic: Dopamine antagonist - Metoclopramide
Definition
Dopamine inhibits rease of Ach vesicles, so we antagonize dopamine so WE DO get Ach - causes direct release of Ach from myentier plexus and promotes progessive motility from esophagus to proximal small intestine; crosses BBB - side effects
Term
Prokinetic: Serotonin agonist - Cisapride
Definition
5-HT4 agonist - indirect stimulation of cholinergic nerve to increase release of Ach from myenteric plexus; does not cross BBB; effective from esophagus to colon
Term
Prokinetic: Motilin agnoist - Erythromycin
Definition
Borad spectrum macrolide antibiotic in doses 1/50th the amount
Term
Prokinetic: Lidocaine
Definition
Direct afferent neural suppression from peritoneum, induces analgesia, antiinflammatory, directly stimulates intestinal smooth muscle
Term
Antimotility: Opioids - meperidine derivatives (diphenoxylate) - crosses BBB; Loperamide (imodium) does not cross BBB
Definition
Act on mu or delta receptors - mu increase anal sphincter tone, disrupts peristalsis, decreases secretions (increase circular smooth muscle contractions, decrease longtudinal smooth muscle contractions)
Term
Protectant: Bismuth subsalicylate (pepto bismol)
Definition
Bismuth salt absorb toxins, subsalicylate provides local anti-inflammtory effects (NSAID), anisecretory/antimicrobial properties
Term
Protectant: Kaolin/pectin (kaopectate)
Definition
Absorb bacterial and coat inflammed mucosa
Term
Probiotics: Lactobacilus, Enterococcus
Definition
Supplements containing live non-pathogenic bacteria that alters microflora, decreases adherence of pathogenic bacteria, and decreases permeabilyty and cytokine expression
Term
Cathartics - osmotic - Lactulose
Definition
Nonabsorbable disaccharide of galactose and fructose metabolized by bacteria to release organic acids/draw water in
Term
Cathartics - osmotic - Magnesium sulfate
Definition
Osmotic response to poorly absrbed Mg, inhibits absorption of Na
Term
Cathartics - irritants - Caster oil
Definition
Prompt evacuation of whole intestinal tract (last resort)
Term
Laxatives - Petrolatum (Laxatone, Kat-A-Lax)
Definition
Lubricates hairballs in GI and impairs water reabsorbtion
Term
Laxatives - Mineral oil
Definition
Use for impaction colic in horses
Term
Surfactant - Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS)
Definition
Impaction colic in horses that don't respond to mineral oil or constipation in dogs/cats - don't use if surgery imminent because very irritative
Term
Surfactants - Ruminotrorics (Poloxalene, Mineral oil/water)
Definition
Promote motility and decrease inciden of frothy bloat
Term
Bulking agent - Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (Metamucil)
Definition
Increase bulk by absorbing water, reflux motility, sand impaction in horses
Term
Bulking agent - Fiber
Definition
Bran/Prunes - reflux motility
Term
Antisecretory drug - H2 receptor antagonist (Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine)
Definition
Competitively inhibit interaction of histamine with ONLY the H2 receptor… inhibits histamine effects induced by gastrin and muscarinic agonists, inhibits basal and food induced H+ secretion, dec volume of gastric juice and H+ concentration
Term
Antisecretory drug - Proton Pump Inhibitor (Omeprazole, Esomeprazole)
Definition
Binds to H+/K+/ATPase pump irreversiblty (need an acidic environment to work) - more potent than H2 blockers
Term
Gastric cylcoprotective agent - Antacid (Aluminum or magnesium hydroxide)
Definition
Chemically neutralize H+ in gastric lumen; Aluminum salts work best - stimulates mucosal defenses and binds pepsin
Term
Gastric clycloprotective agent - Sucralfate
Definition
Complex of salt of sucrose sulfate and aluminum hydroxide; need a pH < 4 to form a stick viscious "band-aid" on ulcers
Term
Antisecretory/cycloprotective - Prostaglandins (Misoprostol = synthetic)
Definition
PGE2/PGI2 inhibit acid secretion, stimulate mucus and bicarb section, and enhance local blood flow - tx for ulcers
Term
Peripheral acting emetics: Hydrogen Peroxide (3%)
Definition
Irritating stomach/stimulates CRTZ, also CN 9 (pharynx)
Term
Central acting emetic - Apomorphine
Definition
Acts on D2 receptors and central muscarinic receptors; use in DOGS; synthetic derivative of morphine; cause depression of CNS; reverse with naloxone
Term
Central acting emetic - Xylazine, Medetomidine
Definition
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists; use in CATS; may aggrevate vagal mediated bradycardia and hypotension
Term
Antiemetic: D2 antagonists - Metoclopramide (reglan)
Definition
Works on D2 receptors in CRTZ, lowers seizure threshold, blocks 5HT3, cholinergic activity, used as prokinetic
Term
Antiemetic: D2 antagonist - Phenothizaines (ACE, Chloropromazine, mepazine, perpehazine, prochorpeerazine)
Definition
Lowers seizure threshold; blocks 5HT3, antimuscarinic, anti-alpha adrenergic, antihistaminergic
Term
Antiemetic: Antihistamines - Deiphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Definition
H1 blocker; works best in dogs; tx for emesis caused by motion sickness
Term
Antiemetic: M1 antagonist
Definition
Made for people - best for motion sickness and inhibiting vagal impulses from GI
Term
Antiemetic: Serotonergic antagonist and agonist
Definition
Emesis caused by anti-cancer therapy
Term
Antiemetic: Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (Maropitant/Cerenia)
Definition
Block central binding of substance P, the major NT in emetic center; block receptors located in CRTZ, enteric plexus of gut; Used for non-specific vomiting, chemotherapy induced, motion sickness
Supporting users have an ad free experience!