Term
| Cholinoceptor activating drugs are ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholinesterase inhibiting drugs are ___ ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholinoceptor blocking drugs are ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathomimetics are ___ and ____ ___. |
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Definition
| direct and indirect agonists |
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|
Term
| Adrenoceptor blocking drugs are ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympatholytic drugs are ___ ___ and ___. |
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Definition
| indirect agonists and antagonits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most ANS drugs have peripheral effects.
Some cross the blood brain and modulate CNS receptors (i.e. have central effects).
Some drugs act at the neuromuscular junction. |
|
|
Term
| The peripheral nervous system refers to the nervous system outside of the ___ __ and ___, and has two major divisions: |
|
Definition
- outside of the spinal cord and brain
- Two major divisions: Somatic and Autonomic Nervous systems |
|
|
Term
| The somatic nervous system is one branch of the ___ nervous system. It is composed of ___ ___ sending signals to striated ___ muscle to control ___ movements. |
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Definition
- peripheral
- motor neurons
- skeletal
- voluntary |
|
|
Term
| The ANS is the other branch of the ___ nervous system . It is composed of neurons sending signals to ___ muscle, ___, and ___ to control ___ movements. |
|
Definition
- peripheral
- smooth
- organs
- glands
- involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| the somatic nervous system is composed of ___ ____ neurons that send quick signals from the ___ __ to muscle. The only juction is at the muscle membrane. |
|
Definition
- alpha myelinated
- spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| The ANS is composed of ____ first neurons that synpase onto ____ second neurons. |
|
Definition
- myelinated
- unmyelinated |
|
|
Term
| The ANS has its ganglia ___ of the CNS and has afferent and efferent neurons. The afferent neuron takes singals to the CNS from peripheral receptors, while the efferent neurons deliver the message to receptors on target organs. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The ANS has afferent/efferent neurons that comprise a reflex system and controls the ____ control largely the ___ and ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most drugs that affect the CNS affect the ___ neurons. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system comes out of the ___ region of the spinal cord. Its first neuron releases ___ onto ___ receptors, causing the second neuron to release ____ which binds ___ receptors on the cardiac or smooth muscle or gland. |
|
Definition
- cranial
- acetyl choline
- nicotinic
- acetyl choline
- musarinic |
|
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Term
| For all parasympathetic and sympathetic first order neurons ____ is released and binds to ____ receptors. |
|
Definition
- acetyl choline
- nicotinic |
|
|
Term
| A sympathetic signal going to sweat glands will release ___ from the first neuron which will bind ___ receptors. the second order neuron will release ___ which will bind ___ receptors on the sweat glands. |
|
Definition
- acetylcholine
- nicotinic
- acetylcholine
- muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic signals going to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, gland cells, and nerve terminals will release ___ from the first neuron which will bind ___ receptors. Then the second neuron will release ____ which will bind ___ and ___ ___ receptors on the target tissue. |
|
Definition
- acetylcholine
- nicotinic
- nor-epinephrine
- alpha and beta adrenergic |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic signals going to the renal vasculature smooth muscle will release ___ from the first order neuron and it will bind ___ receptors. Then the second order neuron will release ___ onto ___ receptors causing ___. |
|
Definition
- acetylcholine
- nicotinic
- D
- D1 receptors
- vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| First order neurons from the spinal cord go to the adrenal medulla and release ___ onto ____ receptors which causes the adrenal medulla to release ____ and ___. |
|
Definition
- acetylcholine
- nicotinic
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Somatic motor nerves leave the spinal cord and synpase only on the muscle where they release ___ which binds to ____ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If nerve is exciting the spinal cord, it is releasing ___ and the receptor is ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| since all first order receptors are nicotinic, this means that ____ will mimic effect of these receptors being stimulated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define a preganglionic neuron: |
|
Definition
| a neuron with a cell body in the CNS and axon extending to a ganglion in the periphery |
|
|
Term
| define a postganglionic neuron: |
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Definition
| - neuron with a cell body in a peripheral ganglion and axon extending to the target tissue |
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|
Term
| Cholinergic refers to ____. So nerves that release ____ are cholinergic. Receptors activated by ___ are cholinergic. So ___ and ___ receptors are cholinergic receptors. Drugs that effect neurotransmission by ___ ___ are cholinergic drugs. |
|
Definition
- acetyl choline
- acetyl choline
- acetyl choline
- nicotinic and muscarinic
- acetyl choline |
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic refers to ____ from neurons and ____ from the adrenal medulla. |
|
Definition
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| So nerves that release NE are ___ nerves, and receptors activated by NE are ___ receptors, these include __ and ___ ___ receptors. |
|
Definition
- adrenergic
- adrenergic
- alpha and beta adrenergic |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that affect neurotransmission by NE are ___ drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GANGLIA ON VENTRAL SIDE, PAINTED CAT GANGLIA WITH NICOTENE SOLUTION > ACTIVATED SYMPTH NERVOUS SYSTEM> BP OUT THE ROOF, SWEATING GOES UP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system comes out of ___ spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system is ____. It is cranial nerves __, __, __, and __, and the sacral portion goes to the large intestine and genitalia. |
|
Definition
- craniosacral
- 3,7,9, and 10 |
|
|
Term
| IF EAT MUSCARIN MUSHROOM, PARASYMPH GOES CRAZY, SO IF PAINT THIS ON GANGLIA, NOT MUCH HAPPENS, B/C SPECIFIC SITES HAVE SPECIFIC RECPTORS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganlionic fibers in all ganglia are ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to glands, and cardiac and smooth muscle are ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholinergic fibers synthesize, store and release acetylcholine (Ach) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic fibers to thermoregulatory sweat glands are ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor fibers to striated muscle are : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholingeric fibers synthesize, store, and release acetyl choline. List cholinergic fibers: |
|
Definition
- all preganglionic fibers in all ganglia
- postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
- postganglionic fibers to sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic fibers synthesize, store and release ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fibers are adrenergic? |
|
Definition
| postganglionc sympathetic fibers to smooth muscle and cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| ___ cells in the adrenal medulla are modified ___ cells and release primarily ____ into circulation. |
|
Definition
- Chromaffin
- ganglion
- epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems often oppose each other. Give exceptions to this: |
|
Definition
- salivary and sweat glands (both para and symp input cause secretions)
- ciliary muscle (both cause contraction)
- male sexual response (erection is parasymp, ejaculation is sympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| Usually some tone in both sympathetics and parasympathetics. Tone in each system increased or decreased to balance function relative to ongoing activity of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If both para and sympathetic systems are maximally stimulated , ____ effects predominate at organs that are innervated by both (heart). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both para and sympa cause salivation. Para causes ___ saliva, while symp causes ___ saliva. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic has ___ ___ discharge with ___ preganglionic fibers and __ postganglionic fibers and the ganglia are __ or ___ the ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- discreet localized
- long pre
- short post
- on or near the target organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slows heart rate
Stimulate GI movements and secretions
Aids absorption of nutrients
Protects retina from excessive light
Empties the bladder and rectum
Mediates erection in reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system has ___ preganglionic neurons and ___ postganglionic neurons. |
|
Definition
- cholinergic
- cholinergic |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic signals are received on target organs by ___ ___ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sympathetic nervous system has very ___ discharge. It outflows from __ to __ or ___ segment of the spinal cord. It has __ preganglionic that synpase with ___ postganglionic in sympathetic ganglia. The ganglia may be ____ (22 pairs), ____ as is the case with the abdomen and pelvis – celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and inferior mesenteric, or ___ ganglia meaning they are near the end organs, as is the case with the bladder, rectum, and cervical ganglia. |
|
Definition
- diffuse
- T1 to L2 or L3
- short pre
- long post
- paravertebral
- prevertebral
- terminal |
|
|
Term
| ___ is released from the adrenal medulla during exercise, excitement, anger, and fear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for adrenaline: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS preganglionics give off multiple branches, which is why it goes off as a whole unit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are cholinergic (ACh)
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are adrenergic (NE)
Exception is sympathetic neurons to sweat glands – these sympathetic neurons are cholinergic, i.e., release Ach
Exception is specialized neurons innervating afferent arterioles of kidney – these neurons release dopamine which causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle & vasodilation by activating D1 dopamine receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adrenal medulla is like a modified ___, it does not have ____. Instead it releases ___ into the blood. There are ___fibers to the adrenal medulla that are ____. |
|
Definition
- ganglia
- not have axons
- epinephrine
- preganglionic
- cholinergic |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic system causes: |
|
Definition
Heart rate increases, blood pressure rises
RBCs poured into blood from spleen to carry more O2
Blood flow shifted from skin and splanchnic region to skeletal muscles
Blood glucose rises; blood insulin decreases
Bronchioles and pupils dilate
Brain receives signals to facilitate purposeful responses & to imprint the event in memory |
|
|
Term
| The sns increases heart rate via __ or __ acting on __ _ receptors. |
|
Definition
NE or epinephrine
beta 1 receptors |
|
|
Term
| sns increases blood pressure via __ __ receptors that cause ___. |
|
Definition
alpha 1
vasocontstriction |
|
|
Term
| with sns stimulation, blood glucose increases via __ _ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GREATER DENSITY OF ALPHA RECEPTORS IN SKIN, SO SNS SIMTULATION CLOSES THESE OFF SO BLOOD GOES TO MUSCLES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha adrenergic receptors include: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta adrenergic receptors include: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post ganglionic smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| CANNOT TELL A BETA 1 FROM A BETA 3, EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE DIFFERENT RECEPTORS, THEY HAVE A VERY SIMIARLAR ACTIVE POCKET, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ALHPA 2 ARE PREGANGLIONIC AND AUTORECPTORS AND DECREASE RELEASE OF NE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta 3 receptors are in : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BETA 2 RECEPTORS ARE ENERGY METABOLISM RECEPTORS AND THEY ARE ON ARTERIOLES AND CAUSE VASODILATION. ARTERIOLES TO SKELETAL MUSCLE, VASODILATION. BETA 2 ALSO IN THE LUNGS CAUSING BRONCHODILATION. BETA 2 ALSO ON SKELETAL MUSCLE, BUT ANS DOESN’T INNERVATE SKELETAL MUSCLE, BUT THERE SO AS BLOOD FLOWS BY THEM THE CIRCULATION EPINEPHRINE STIMULATES IT> STRONGER B/C INCREASED HIGH ENERGY METABOLITES IN STRIATED MUSCLE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| So frightened or angry you shake> releasing so much epinephrine> striated muscle stimulated> twitch> get the shakes (same thing with shivering) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta 2 is only affected ____ not ____ |
|
Definition
- only epinephrine activates beta 2
- norepinephrine does not |
|
|
Term
| Beta 1 receptors are on the ___. Sympathetic innervation here causes: |
|
Definition
- heart
- increased heart rat
- increased contractile force
- increased conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation to the heart via muscarinic receptors causes: |
|
Definition
- decreased heart rate
- decreased conduction velocity
parasympathetics does not effect contractility |
|
|
Term
| The eyes have ___ _ receptors. Sympathetic activation here causes the ___ muscle to ___ causing ___ aka ____. |
|
Definition
- alpha 1
- radial muscle
- contract
- dilation aka mydriasis |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation to the eye via muscarinic receptors causes contraction of the ___ muscle resulting in ___ or ___. |
|
Definition
- circular
- constriction
- miosis |
|
|
Term
| Accomodation of the eye is solely regulated by ____ which, when activated, causes ___ of the ___ muscle producing ___ for ___ vision. |
|
Definition
- parasympathetics
- contraction
- ciliary
- accomodation
- near |
|
|
Term
| The M2 receptor is ___, while the M1 and M3 receptors are ___. |
|
Definition
- M2= inhibitory
- M1 and M3= excitatory |
|
|
Term
| why does the vagus not contribute to contractile force? |
|
Definition
b/c the vagus does not innervate the ventricles
so only the sympathetic affects contractility |
|
|
Term
| Bronchial smooth muscle has a __receptor. Sympathetic activation causes ____, while parasympathatic activation via cholinergic receptors causes ____. |
|
Definition
- beta 2
- dilation
- contraction |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle has ___ _ and ___ _ receptors. Sympathetic activation causes ___ . Parasympathetic stimulation causes ___. |
|
Definition
- alpha 1 and beta 2
- constriction
- dilation |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation does not affect the ___ or ___ ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as sympathetics kick in first the ___ receptors are activated, but as sympathetics increase ___ receptors take over. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous,visceral, and pulmonary blood vessels have ___ innervation but no ____ innervation. |
|
Definition
have sympathetic innervation
no parasympathetic innervation |
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous, visceral, pulmonary blood vessels have __ _ receptors. Sympathetic activation of these causes ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle blood vessels have __ and ___ innervation and have __ _and ___ _ receptors. As sympathetics kick in the __ _ receptors cause ___ but as the sympathetics increases the __ _ receptors cause __. Parasympathetic innervation via muscarinic receptors causes ___. |
|
Definition
- parasympathetic and sympathetic
- alpha 1 and beta 2
- beta 2 > dilation
- alpha 1 > constriction
- dilation
check all this
- |
|
|
Term
| veins are only innervated by the __ nervous system not the ____. When ____ are stimulated __ _ recptors cause ___. |
|
Definition
- only the sympathetic
- not the parasympathetic
- sympathetics
- alpha 1
- constriction |
|
|
Term
| The blood vessels to the heart have only ___ innervation, no ___ innnervation. These vessels have ___ _ and __ _ receptors. Initially when sympathetics kicks in __ _ receptors cause ___, but as sympathetics gets stronger ___ _ receptors take over and cause ____. |
|
Definition
- sympathetic innervation
- no parasympathetic innervation
- alpha 1
- beta 1
- beta 1 > dilation
- alpha 1> constriction |
|
|
Term
| The GI tract has ___ _ and ___ _ receptors. When sympathetics are activated, these receptors get acted upon to ___ GI motility. Parasympathetics acts through muscarinic recptors to ___ GI motility. |
|
Definition
- alpha 2 and beta 2
- decrease
- increase |
|
|
Term
| Sphincters have _ receptors that when stimulated by sympathetics cause ___. Parasympathetics acts on sphincters via ___ receptors which cause ___. |
|
Definition
- alpha
- contraction
- muscarinic
- relaxation |
|
|
Term
| The splenic capsule has __ _ receptors that when stimulated by symp. cause ___. The splenic capsule is not innervated by ___. |
|
Definition
- alpha 1
- contraction
- parasympathetics |
|
|
Term
| The urinary bladder detrusor muscle has ___ recptors that result in ___ when stimualted by symp. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors via parasympathetics causes___. |
|
Definition
- symp>beta> relaxation
- parasymp> contraction
detrouser muscle has to contract to pee so parasymp makes it contract so you can pee |
|
|
Term
| The trigone sphincter has to relax to pee while the detrouser muslce has to contract to pee. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the trigone sphincter has __ _receptors so that when stimulated by symp it ___. When stimulated by parasympathetics it ____. |
|
Definition
- symp> alpha 1> contracts
- parasymp> relaxes |
|
|
Term
| The uterus has __ _ and __ _ receptors. AS symp kick in, the __ _ cause ___, but as sympathetics take over the __ _ cause ___. Parasymphetic stimulation of the uterus also causes contraction and relaxation. |
|
Definition
alpha 1 and beta 2
beta 2 > relax
alpha 1> contract |
|
|
Term
| Glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle and liver is only under ___ control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscles have __ receptors that when stimulated by sympathetics caused ___ glycogenolysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the liver has __ _ and __ _ receptors that when stimulated by symp cause ___ glycogenolysis. |
|
Definition
- alpha 1 and beta 2
- increased |
|
|
Term
| Fat cells have __ _ and ___ _ receptors that when stimulated by symp cause ___ lipolysis. |
|
Definition
beta 1 and beta 3
increased |
|
|
Term
| Renin secretion ___ when ___ __ receptors are activated by sympathetics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and renin secretion are only influenced by ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin secretion is monitored by sympathetics and parasympathetics. Insulin secretion is monitored by both __ _ and __ _ receptors. Initially sympathtics activates __ _which cause ___ insulin secretion, but as sympathetics increases __ _ receptors are activated to ___ insulin secretion. Parasympathetics ___ insulin secretion. |
|
Definition
- alpha 2 and beta 2
- beta 2> increase
- alpha 2> decrease
- parasymp> increase |
|
|
Term
| look at and draw out receptor locations from slides 23-26. |
|
Definition
|
|
