Term
| What kind of pain is usually the target of NSAIDs: chronic/acute and pathologic/physiological |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic pain in animals is difficult to assess and is commonly confused with signs of_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five cardinal signs of inflammation |
|
Definition
| redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss function |
|
|
Term
| Arachidonic acid is released from cell membranes by the catalytic action of________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COX are located in all cells except: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two main products resulting from cox action in the AA pathway? |
|
Definition
| prostaglandins and thromboxane |
|
|
Term
| Which COX is thought to be centrally located and be involved in fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetylsalycylic acid is AKA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which NSAID is the best for anti-platelet function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aspect of NSAID pharmacokinetics seems to be associated with enteropathy- even more so than COX specificity? |
|
Definition
| degree of enterohepatic recirculation |
|
|
Term
| Acetaminophen is a unique NSAID in the fact it is ____reducing, and it does NOT decrease (pain or inflammation). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NSAID used for cancer because of its immunomodulatory effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This NSAID, ______, is used for cancer but interestingly it is a COX ____ preferential inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This NSAID is widely used in chronic and perioperaitve pain in dogs, however its COX activity is weak and a central MOA is suspected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This NSAID permanently binds COX in platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If NSAIDs are to be used as effective analgesics, they must be administered prior to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This NSAID has dual COX-LOX action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These drugs can interfere with NSAID absorption |
|
Definition
| Antacids and mucoprotective agents |
|
|
Term
| These drugs________ in combo with NSAIDs reduce GABA efficacy and can lead to ________. |
|
Definition
| Fluoroquinolones; seizures |
|
|
Term
| The efficacy of these two drugs commonly given with congestive heart failure can be decreased with co-administration of NSAIDs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs have a higher incidence of toxicity in neonates b/c ______ is not well developed yet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These propionic acid derivative NSAIDs are contraindicated in dogs and cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is naproxen toxic in dogs? |
|
Definition
| degree of enterohepatic recirculation |
|
|
Term
| At low doses this NSAID, ________, can be used to prevent thromboembolism in cats, but be careful it is eliminated through ______conjugation and can accumulate quickly in cats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two NSAIDs exhibit non-linear metabolism and because of which doses need to be decreased over time? |
|
Definition
| Phenylbutazone; Deracoxib (Deramaxx) |
|
|
Term
| These three cox-1 preferentials are used commonly in large animals |
|
Definition
| Phenylbutazone, Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine), Ketoprofen |
|
|
Term
| This NSAID is banned in adult dairy cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This NSAID is used in large animals and has renal elimination in horses while biliary elimination in cattle |
|
Definition
| Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) |
|
|
Term
| NSAID used for coliform mastitis in cattle |
|
Definition
| Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) |
|
|
Term
| NSAID used very commonly in horses but IM injections may cause clostridial myosistis |
|
Definition
| Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) |
|
|
Term
| This NSAID is great for endotoxic shock in horses without masking colic signs |
|
Definition
| Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) |
|
|
Term
| In cattle, this NSAID is used for arthritis and laminitis at a 48 hour dosing interval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main NSAID choices for mastitis |
|
Definition
| Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine); Ketoprofen |
|
|
Term
| This cox-2 preferential is documented to rarely cause idiosyncratic liver toxicity on dogs. However this is probably because more studies have been done on this over other cox-2 drugs to reveal this effect of the group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NSAID that is a safe option injectable for cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two of the newer cox-2 NSAIDs that are safe for both dogs and cats. Few side effects |
|
Definition
| Meloxicam (Metacam); Robenacoxib (Onsior) |
|
|
Term
| A cox-2 preferential NSAID available as a paste for horses. It is mostly excreted with feces. Safety profile not well established. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four situations in which should be worried about renal toxicity of NSAIDs |
|
Definition
| Perioperative; Hypotension; Renal disease; Congestive heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What analgesic should be avoided to use in conjunction with NSAIDs b/c of GI toxic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What side effect of NSAIDs is usually the dose limiting factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main conditions causing chronic pain that are commonly indicated for NSAID use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alkalinizing urine can increase rate of elimination of this NSAID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This NSAID can cause local GI irritation (beyond its COX inhibition) and therefore usually comes with an enteric coating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspirin has little COX-2 inhibition but is safer than would expect because of induction of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a controversial side effect of Aspirin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even though a Cox-1 preferential, this NSAID is very safe in small animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cox-2 preferential very commonly used for acute perioperative pain in dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This NSAID seems to truly be a selective COX-2 inhibitor and is approved in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for Chemo used before surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for Chemo used after surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often chemotherapy protocols are ____ cycles with the assumption that ____% of cells are killed with each cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell in which phase of cell cycle will chemotherapy have a minimal effect on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase is right after mitosis (G1 or G2); which is right before? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In patients with liver dysfunction, which two chemotherapy drugs might accumulate to an unacceptable toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Vinka Alkaloids, Antitumor AB's |
|
|
Term
| Which kind of cancer is notorious for being "smart" and can quickly develop drug resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antioxidants can reduce the efficacy of this chemotherapy drug because of it's MOA to produce free radicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three Vinka Alkaloid chemotherapy drugs |
|
Definition
| Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine |
|
|
Term
| Name the three Alkylating agent chemotherapy drug used for more OTHER than just as a lymphoma rescue. So basically the main used three drugs of this group |
|
Definition
| Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil, CCNU |
|
|
Term
| Which platinum chemotherapy drug CAN be used in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What splats cats? (i.e. gives 'em pulmonary edema) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Furosemide should be administered with drug b/c of risk of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Widely used chemotherapy agent that is cardiotoxic and echos are recommended for monitoring patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This commonly used chemotherapy agent is a SEVERE vesicant so much that if some is accidentally given IM, patient could lose leg! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vinca Alkaloids are specific to what cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alkylating Agents are specific to what cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platinum agents are specific to what cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antitumor AB's and Anthracyclines are specific to what cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antimetabolite Chemotherapy drugs are specific to what cell cylce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant are vinka alkaloids made from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All drugs in this chemotherapy class are vesicants and can be given IV only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This antimetabolite chemo drug is rarely used in vet med, but is fatally neurotoxic to cats. This is important b/c they could lick the cream off their owners |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This group of chemo drugs works by several MOA including Intercalatioin of base pairs, free radicals, and topoisomerase inhibition |
|
Definition
| Antitumor ABs/ Anthracyclines |
|
|
Term
| Three main side effcts of chemo drugs ( think BAG) |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow suppression; Alopecia; GI |
|
|
Term
| "White feet don't treat" refers to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the Vinca Alkaloids has the worst myelosuppression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two chemo groups work by cross-linking DNA? |
|
Definition
| Alkylating Agents; Platinum |
|
|
Term
| These two main groups of chemo drugs have similar mechanisms of action and are both excreted in urine |
|
Definition
| Alkylating Agents; Platinum |
|
|
Term
| This group of chemo drugs works by binding microtubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Doxorubicin belong to this chemo group |
|
Definition
| Antitumor ABs/ Anthracyclines |
|
|
Term
| This drug is used as a sub for doxorubicin in dogs with heart conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This chemo drug might make pee and scleras turn blue! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This antimetabolite chemo drug can be used for GME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This chemo drug is available orally but is severely myelosuppressive. Cat nadir is HIGHLY variable and can last for two weeks! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This alkylating agent can cross the BBB well |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even though many chemo drugs are carcinogenic, this group of drugs stands out and handlers should be careful! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This less used Alkylating agent needs to be premedicated and given over 4 hours to avoid nausea. It is also incompatible with heparin, lidocaine, and hydrocortisone so be careful with combined administration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug has very limited use in vet med, but if going to use it need to co treat with Mesna and diuretics to prevent sterile hemorrhagic cystitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This group of chemo drugs acts by incorporating nucleotide analogs into nucleic acid. It is S phase specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This tyrosine kinase inhibitor can be used in MCT's but cannot by law be used off-label |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 100% of patients eventually develop GI side effects to this Tyrosine kinase inhibitor and therefore should be monitored continuously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug treats leukemia but beware it can CAUSE leukemia! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These two alkylating gents are prodrugs and therefore may not work in patients with impaired liver function |
|
Definition
| Cyclophasphamide (Cytoxan); DTIC |
|
|
Term
| This drug can be nephrotoxic at least in humans so need to calculate GFR in patients with renal problems to adjust dose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This widely used chemo drug should NOT be used in cats with renal failure. Bummer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cannot give NSAIDs on the same day as these chemo drugs |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| This drug, _______, is a bacterial enzyme that depletes asparagine. It is VERY specific to ________. |
|
Definition
| L-asparaginase (Elspar); Lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| What can you give with CCNU to lessen its hepatotoxic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of defense mechanisms in resp system |
|
Definition
| coughing/sneezing; mucociliary apparatus; local mononuclear phagocytes |
|
|
Term
| Bronchial smooth muscle tone is controlled by a balance of _____nervous system and local ______ factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (parasympathetic/sympathetic) stimulation causes bronchoconstriction, while (parasympathetic/sympathetic) stimulation cause bronchodilation |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic; sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Circulating epinenphrine can cause bronchodilation by stimulating ______adrenergic receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased concentration of cAMP causes (bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation). Concentration are increased with _____stimulation but decreased with _____ stimulation |
|
Definition
| bronchodilation; beta 2; alpha |
|
|
Term
| The fluid blanket in the mucociliary aparautus has two layers. The _____which is watery and contacts mucosa, and the ____, a mucoid layer that sits on tap and traps material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nervous stimulation can alter the visoelastic properties of the fluid blanket. _______stimulation increase just mucus while ________ stim increase mucus, electrolytes, and water. |
|
Definition
| cholinergic; beta adrenergic |
|
|
Term
| Mast cell degranulation can be induced by increased cGMP which is mediated by ______receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cell degranulation can be induced by decreased cAMP which is mediated by ______receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cell degranulation in lungs can be inhibited by these four main mechanisms: |
|
Definition
| stimulate beta-2 adreneric; inhibit calcium influx, inhibit phosphodiesterase; block muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| do you wanna suppress a productive or non-productive cough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two groups of drugs used to minimize acute inflammation and pain in respiratory tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mainstay of therapy for feline asthma and equine recurrent airway obstruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With steroids, for acute tx usually give ____ but for long term treatment give_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOA not known except the it at least inhibits PAF; Is used to manage COPD in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group of drugs that are the most effective bronchodilators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This specific B2 agonist is approved for horses, it is abused by humans and storage and dispensing should be controlled carefully |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of drug is isoproteronol, and why is it only used for emergency relief of a bronchoconstrictive condition? |
|
Definition
| unspecific beta agonist; can agonize b2 receptors but in long term also stimulates alpha receptors which have an opposite effect and B1 receptors which can have cardiac side effects |
|
|
Term
| two situations in which an anticholinergic like atropine might be indicated for bronchoconstriction |
|
Definition
| organophosphate induced; acute asthma that is unresponsive to beta 2 agonists |
|
|
Term
| long term use of atropine is for asthma is contraindacted because causes decreased _________, which is undesirable in patients with chronic lung disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ipratropium bromide has a good potential for use in feline asthma because unlike atropine, it can't cross the ______ as well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A leukotriene receptor blocker that may be helpful in chronic asthma treatment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sildenafil is used to treat ______ associated with chronic resp disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trade name for sildenafil used in humans ( dont need to know but helps me remember its moa) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug acts to cause vasodilation in lungs via NO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule is an important mediator in the cascade of events that causes vasodilation from NO release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cough suppressants are rarely used in this species b/c coughing is usually productive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific b2 agonist used widely in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a non-narcotic antitussant that works for about 4-6 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is probably the single most important therapeutic measure in respiratory disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydration is important in respiratory disease in order to replenish the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in resp disease, which sympathetic receptor and parasympathetic receptors are bad ( i.e. don't want them stimulated!) |
|
Definition
| symp: alpha parasym: muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| What frequency of symptoms for feline asthma is threshold underneath which may not need steroid treatments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhaled steroid of choice in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which dose of fluticasone is safer when considering HPA axis? 44,11,120 ug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which dose of fluticasone has best suppression of eosinophils in feline asthma? 44, 11, 120 ug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use this b2 specific agonist when albuterol inhalation not possible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only give albuterol as need because continuous doses may cause: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Albuterol paradox may be because of which enantiomer of albuterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This anticholinergic drug has the most potential for chronic treatment of asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This anticholinergic drug is ONLY used for acute treat treatment of asthma flare ups that are unresponsive to beta agonists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three other drugs that may decrease bronchospasm and inflammation but haven't shown much efficacy. They work as antagonists and receptors involved in the bronchospasm pathway |
|
Definition
| Zafirlukast, Cyproheptadine, Cetirizine |
|
|
Term
| This drug stabilizes mast cells and inhibits PAF and therefore more useful as a prophylactic not as a treatment after bronchospasm occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non narcotic cough suppressant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What property of atropine gives it more side effects than the other two anticholinergics used as bronchidilators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug decreases bronchospasm by antagonizing both serotonin and Histamine receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TThis drug decreases bronchospasm by antagonizing Histamine H1 receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is used commonly in horses as a prophlylactic for bronchospasm and inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and is use to treat pulmonary hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This very well known cough suppressant is a controlled substance and only available orally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This narcotic can be used as a cough suppressant, has some analgesic properties and is 100x more potent than another narcotic option |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Except for butorphanol, how long to the cough suppresants last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Butorphanol is different than the other cough suppressants in that it has a (longer/shorter) duration of action. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two contraindications for saline expectorants like iodide salts |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroid; preggos/lact |
|
|
Term
| Before using a mucolytic agent, make sure the patient is first_________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acyetylcysteine has two beneficial mechanisms of action for gunk in the resp tract. If can't remember these two properties make it also useful for acetaminophen tox and meconium impaction |
|
Definition
| Breaks disulfide bonds in mucoproteins; Increases glutathione levels |
|
|
Term
| This drug, ______, can be used to test for laryngeal paralysis where if administered and patient has laryngeal paralysis, a ______ of larynx will occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two oral formulations of cyclosporine have OK bioavailability for vet med |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclosporine inhibits transcription of what gene in which cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclosporine binds to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclosporine has ( low/high) interindv variability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This immunosuprressive drug can promote hair growth and has an unpleasant tatse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclosporine metabolism is increased when given with _____ and decreased with ______. |
|
Definition
| Phenobarbitol; Ketoconazole |
|
|
Term
| cyclosporine oral half life is variable between animals. It ranges from ___ to ____ hours! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which of the two situation would using a human generic cyclosporine be more appropriate: IMHA or IBD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HPLC is a better TDM for cyclosporine than RIA or FPI because_______ and former values are always about ______the latter values |
|
Definition
| It distinguishes parent drug from metabolite; Half |
|
|
Term
| You can test the function of what cell type to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Leflunomide an immunosuppressant? |
|
Definition
| Cytokine/Growth Factor Inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| How is Mycophenolate Mofetil an immunosuppressant? |
|
Definition
| Cytokine/Growth Factor Inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| How is Cyclosporine an immunosuppressant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Azathioprine an immunosuppressant? |
|
Definition
| Acts as a purine analog that is a poor kinase substrate |
|
|
Term
| How is Cyclophosphamide an immunosuppressant? |
|
Definition
| Creates alkylating agents |
|
|
Term
| How is Chlorambucil an immunosuppressant? |
|
Definition
| Creates alkylating agents |
|
|
Term
| What metabolite produce by cyclophosphamide is identified to cause sterile hemorrhagic cystitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long for peak activity for azathioprine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two drugs is azathioprine usually administered with? |
|
Definition
| Glucocoritcoids and Cyclophosphamide |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol like molecule targeted by many antifungal drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cheapest per pound anti fungal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the gold standard for anti fungals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what prep of Amphotericin could potentially decrease renal tox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Watch out using antihistamines with this antifungal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Itraconazole can produce _____ lesions that can also look like those produced by organism treating so be careful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This antifungal has good penetration for brain and eye and is pretty affordable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This new triazole shows promise for lifelong treatment against Aspergillus but will be expensive- like 75 bucks a day for a german shepherd- yowza |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a cat has brain or eye involvement with a cryptococcus infection, add ______ to your treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-azole antifungal that can use with very resistant cryptococcus but wtach out cats can get anorexic and over tox |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cryptococccus tx is for at least ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an animal has poor absorption due to Histoplasmosis, may have to start with this antifungal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monitor BUN before very dose of this antifungal. In human med people are afraid of its nephrotoxic effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspergillus terreus infection best drug is prob: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspergillus terreus infection you could try intraconazole +__________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The one drug that might work against Prototheca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For antifungals, if in doubt. pick: |
|
Definition
|
|
