Term
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Definition
Substance made by a microorganism to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
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Term
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Definition
| Any substance that can be given as a drug to kill microbes in an animal. |
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Term
| 6 reasons to do combination therapy with antibiotics |
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Definition
1. To treat mixed infections
2. To get synergistic activity against 1 bacteria type
3. Overcome bacterial tolerence
4. prevent emergence of drug resistance
5. Decrease chance of toxicity
6. Prevent inactivation of antibiotic by bacterial enzymes |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways two antibiotics can interact and describe them. |
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Definition
1. Additive - effect = sum of the two drugs 2. Synergistic - effect > sum (clavulonic acid + b-lactam) 3. Antagonist - effect < sum (cidal + static drug)
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, the lowest conc of a drug that will visibly inhibit growth of bacteria after 18 - 22 h incubation. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Peak/MIC ratio? |
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Definition
| What this to be at least 10 for concentration dep drugs such as quinolones, aminoglycosides, or metronidazole. |
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Term
| What is the antibiotic criteria for a time dep drug? |
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Definition
| The drug conc must be > MIC for at least 50% of the time. |
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Term
| What is the mutant prevention dose/concentration? |
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Definition
| The MIC of the least susceptible mutant. When conc of drug is bw MIC and MPC may get enrichment of resistant microbes. |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolones: Time or Conc dependent? |
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Definition
| Concentration dependent. Usually give only 1 dose a day. Very short contact time needed, about 20 min. Strong post-antibiotic effect. |
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Term
| Fluroroquinolones: Administration and absorption. |
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Definition
| Oral absorption is rapid and efficient in monogastrics, poor in ruminants. Can use as injection. Widely distributed to all tissues including bone and WBCs. |
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Term
| Fluroroquinolones: Excretion. |
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Definition
| Renal in active form so good for UTIs. Some in bile and milk too (lactating dairy cows = no-no) |
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Term
| Fluroroquinolones: Adverse effects. |
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Definition
| Chondrotoxic, tendonitis, tendon rupture, CNS (pro-seizure), Occulotoxic in cats, injection site injury. |
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Term
| Beta-lactams: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
| Broad spectrum, best at Gram + aerobes and anaerobes. |
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Term
| Beta-lactams: Three major groups. |
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Definition
| Penicillins, Ceflasporins, Carbapenams. |
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Term
| Beta-lactams: Mode of action? |
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Definition
| Inhibit cell wall synthesis. |
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Term
| Beta-lactams: Time or concentration dep? |
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Definition
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Term
| Penicillins: Absorption/distribution characteristics. |
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Definition
| Most poorly absorbed, moisture and gastric acid will break down. Much poor distribution compared to quinolones. Will not go to eye or CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| >90% leaves unchanged in the urine. |
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Term
| Penicillins: Adverse events? |
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Definition
| Generally safe. Procain toxic to birds, snakes, turtle, guinea pig, chinchilla. Can also have hypersensitivity, hyperkalemia (cardia arrhythmia) |
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Term
| Penicillins: Three groups? |
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Definition
| Natural penicillins, Penicillinase-stable penicillins, and broad spectrum penicillins. |
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Term
| What are two natural penicillins and how are they administered? |
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Definition
| PenG and PenV. Given with procain to release slowly from IM injection. |
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Term
| What are two types of penicillinase-stable penicillins? |
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Definition
| methicillin and oxacillin. Used for b-lactamase producing Staph. |
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Term
| What are two broad spectrum penicillins? |
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Definition
| Ampicillin (poor oral absorption, better for injections) and amoxacillin (better oral absorption, stings when injected) |
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Term
| Penicillins have synergism with what other class of antibiotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two drugs are beta-lactamase inhibitors? |
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Definition
| clavulonic acid and sulbactam. |
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Term
| Cephalosporins: Absorption and Distribution. |
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Definition
| Most are unstable in gastric acid. Cephalexin and cefadroxil can be given orally (but not in large animals). Goes to many tissues, poor intracellular penetration. |
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Term
| Cephalosporins: Excretion. |
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Definition
| Renal exretion of unchanged drug. |
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Term
| Cephalosporins: Time or concentration dep? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cephalosporins: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cephalosporins: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
| Gram + aerobes, newer generations work on G- also. Good for bacteria that make beta-lactamases. |
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Term
| Carbapenems: Absorption and distribution. |
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Definition
| Not absorbed orally. Given IV, IM, or SQ. Widely dist, will go to CNS only if there is inflammation there. |
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Term
| Carbapenems: What class of antibiotic are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbapenems: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
| Very broad spectrum, but will not work on MRSA. |
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Term
| Carbapenems: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Renal. Can be metabolized into nephrotoxic compounds. |
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Term
| Carbapenems: Adverse effects? |
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Definition
| Can be neurotoxic bc they interact with GABA. Proconvulsant. |
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Term
| Tetracyclines: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
| Static by inhibiting protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Tetracyclines: Spectrum of action |
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Definition
| Very broad spectrum, even works against some protozoa. |
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Term
| Tetracyclines: What are the three groups? |
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Definition
1. Tetracycline - older agents with dec absorption, less lipophilic
2. Doxycycline - absorbed well and better distribution.
3. glycyclines - IV drugs only, work on Tet resistant bacteria. Inc tissue penetration. Extensive metabolism. |
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Term
| Tetracyclines: Absorption and distribution? |
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Definition
| IV, IM, SQ (mixing with Mg will make it slow release). Oral absorption, but cations will impair uptake. Will enter almost all tissues and high levels including CNS. |
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Term
| Tetracyclines: Excretion? |
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Definition
| Renal excretion, will be active in acidic urine. 10-40% of the drug will go through enterohepatic cycling. Doxy is special!! Primarily excreted in GI tract by non-biliary secretion of inactive compounds. |
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Term
| What is special about Doxycycline excretion? |
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Definition
| It is excreted in GI in an inactive form. All other Tets are renal excretion. |
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Term
| Tetracyclines: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| Superinfections with resistant bacteria with prolonged use. Old drugs can be nephrotoxic (except doxy). Can chelate Ca in bones and teeth. Esophogeal stricture in cats. Bowed tendons in foals. |
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Term
| Chloramphenicol: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chloramphenicol: Mechanism of action? |
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Definition
| Inhibit protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Chloramphenicol: Spectrum of action? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chloramphenicol: Absorption and distribution? |
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Definition
| Rapidly absorbed GI or topical. Rapidly and widely dist including eye and CNS. |
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Term
| Chloramphenicol: Metabolization? |
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Definition
| Extensive hepatic metabolism primarily by glucouronide conjugation. Very young, cats, and those with hepatic injury cannot break down so it will be able to reach therapeutic levels. Other animals will break it down too fast. |
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Term
| Chloramphenicol: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| GI signs, depression, dose related bone marrow suppression (anemia), non-reversible non-dose related aplastic anemia in humans (no tolerance for this drug in food animals), dec eukaryotic protein synthesis so dec wound healing and vaccine responses. Inhibits c p450 so can increase duration of other drugs. |
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Term
| What is the use of florfenicol? |
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Definition
| Ok to be used in food animals. Slower/less diffusion. |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Drug names? |
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Definition
| gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin, streptomycin. |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Mode of action? |
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Definition
| Inhibit protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Time or concentration dep? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Uptake is ___ dependent. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Absorption/distribution? |
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Definition
| NOT effeciently absorbed from GI. Give topically or injected. Dist and penetration is poor. Stays extracellular, no CNS. |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Excretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| Ototoxicity --> deafness or vestibular dz. Do not put into ear if drum is ruptured. Nephrotoxic (anything that dec GFR will increase nephrotoxicity) Neuromuscular blockade when lavaged on diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Given topically, too nephrotoxic to be used parenterally. |
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Term
| Sulfonamides: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
| Static alone, Cidal when combined with trimethoprim. |
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Term
| Sulfonamides: Mode of action? |
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Definition
| Block folic acid pathway. |
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Term
| Sulfonamides: Often combined with what drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| TMP/Sulfa: Absorption and distribution? |
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Definition
| Most are well absorbed orally (not ruminants) and dist throughout body. Varies with species. |
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Term
| TMP/Sulfa: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sulfonamides unchanged renally. TMP in urine, milk, and feces. |
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Term
| TMP/Sulfa: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| Ineffective in pus/necrotic tissue. Renal crystaluria, keratoconjunctivits (dry eye) in small dogs, immune mediated probs(arthritis, retina, kidney) big dogs black and brown dogs, hepatotoxic in big dogs, Folic acid def anemia (cats after several weeks), hypothyroidism (dog and cat), Cutaneous drug eruptions, GI signs, and dec platelets. |
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Term
| TMP/Sulfa: Use in food animals? |
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Definition
| Use for respiratory and GI dz. 24 hour dosing. Do not use in lactating dairy cows. |
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Term
| Macrolides: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolides: Method of action? |
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Definition
| Inhibit protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Macrolides: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
| G+ aerobes, some G- aerobes, mycoplasma, and anaerobes with anti-biofilm and quorum sensing activity. |
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Term
| Macrolides: Absorption and distribution? |
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Definition
| Variably absorbed from GI if not inactivated by gastric acid. IV or IM = rapid absorption. Widely dist but not to CNS. Higher levels in the lungs. Active transportation by phagocytic cells. |
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Term
| Macrolides: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| GI signs, pain at IM site. Tilmicosin causes cardiovascular toxicity, sudden death, diarrhea, and dec c P450s. |
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Term
| Lincosamides: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lincosamides: Method of action? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lincosamides: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lincosamides: Absorption and distribution? |
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Definition
| About 90% absorbed orally. Excellent penetration of bone and soft tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| In urine, bile, feces in active form. Undergoes enterhepatic circulation. |
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Term
| Lincosamides: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| Do not use in horses rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs bc of clostridial overgrowth. Associated with Salmonellosis in dogs. NMJ blockade at high doses. |
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Term
| Nitrofurans: General info? |
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Definition
| Some are carcinogenic, broad spectrum of activity, topical only. Used for UTIs in Canada. Banned in food animals. |
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Term
| Vancomycin: Bactericidal or static? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Vancomycin: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
| G+ including MRSA. Only used for MRSA or enterococcus severe infections of bone or soft tissue. |
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Term
| Vancomycin: Use in food animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vancomycin: Class of antibiotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vancomycin: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| Very expensive, ototoxic, nephrotoxic, hypersensitivty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Topical antibiotics used as a combo with bacitracin or neomycin. Used systemically at a low dose for endotoxemia in horses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Topical or oral bactericidal drug. Mostly against G+. Nephrotoxic if given systemically. Used with polymyxin and neomycin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in humans for TB. Bactericidal. Resistance develops rapidly. Causes orange/red saliva, urine, and feces. Excreted in bile. Combine with erythromycin for R. equi in foals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal against obligate anaerobes. Widely dist, excreted in urine and feces. REversible neurotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic. |
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Term
| What are 5 ways antifungals work? |
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Definition
| Inhibit Ergosterol, dec mitosis, dec RNA/protein, dec cell wall (chitin/glucan), and dec protein synthesis. |
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Term
| What are the 4 groups of anti-fungals on the exam? |
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Definition
| Polyenes (Amphotericin B), Imidazoles/Triazoles, Griseofulvin, Allyamines |
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Term
| Polyenes: What are the 3 main drugs in this category? |
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Definition
| Amphotericin B, Nystatin, natamycin |
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Term
| Amphotericin B: Mode of action? |
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Definition
| Fungicidal by binding to ergosterol. Causes cell leakage and cell death. |
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Term
| Amphotericin B: Effective against? |
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Definition
| Most systemic mycoses and yeasts. Variable against opportunistic fungi. |
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Term
| Amphotericin B: Absorption and distribution? |
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Definition
| Slowly dist to most tissues except CNS, eye, and bone. Will accumulate in the liver, lung and kidney. No absorption from GI, must be given IV. |
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Term
| Amphotericin B: Excretion? |
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Definition
| Small amounts in urine and bile over several weeks. |
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Term
| Amphotericin B: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| Nephrotoxicity - causes renal vasoconstriction and dec GFR. Must monitor renal function weekly. |
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Term
| Imidazoles and Triazoles: Effective against? |
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Definition
| Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antihelminthic. Depends on the formulation for how much of each. |
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Term
| Imidazoles: What are the 4 main drugs to know? |
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Definition
| Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole. |
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Term
| Imidazoles: Method of action? |
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Definition
| Target fungal C P450 and decrease ergosterol synthesis. Very limited resistance. |
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Term
| Imidazoles: Absorption, distribution, and excretion? |
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Definition
| Some are not well absorbed and are topical instead. Excreted in bile and urine. |
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Term
| Fluconazole: Absorption, concerns, preps? |
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Definition
| 80% absorbed, penetrates the CNS. Mild anorexia, no other concerns. Oral prep for candidiasis, cryptococcus, and meningitis. |
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Term
| Ketoconazole: Absorption, concerns, preps? |
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Definition
| Dec absorption with inc gastric acid. Will not go to CNS or bone. GI signs, dec adrenal and gonadal steroids, lightening of hair coat, hepatotoxic in cats. Oral prep for systemic, and topical for dermatophytes. |
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Term
| Itraconazole: Absorption, concerns, preps? |
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Definition
| Low absorption, with no CNS or bone dist. 10% of dogs will develop vasculitis or hepatotoxicty. Cats seem to do better. Do not use in heart failure cases. Used for systemic dz, lifelong for tx of coccididiomycosis. More potent than keto. |
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Term
| Voriconazole: Absorption, concerns, preps? |
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Definition
| Readily absorbed, taken up by WBCs, and goes to the CNS. Broadest spectrum, can be fungicidal. Goes to eye too. |
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Term
| Which two imidazoles can be used for CNS infections? |
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Definition
| Fluconazole and voriconazole. |
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Term
| Griseofulvin: Method of action? |
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Definition
| Fungistatic by inhibiting mitosis, but action is slow. Will go to keratin precursor cells to prevent dermatophyte infection. |
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Term
| Griseofulvin: Spectrum of use? |
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Definition
| Systemic against dermatophytes |
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Term
| Griseofulvin: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
| GI signs, leukopenia, anemia. Don't give to liver failure or preg animals. Altered spermatogenesis. |
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Term
| Allyamines: Method of action? |
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Definition
| Block sythesis of ergosterol. |
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Term
| Allyamines: Spectrum of action? |
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Definition
| Limited activity against yeast. Works against mostly filamentous fungi (dermatophytes) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Allyamines: Clinical concerns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 4 classes of antiviral drugs? |
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Definition
| Block attachment, block uncoating, dec DNA/RNA synthesis, dec viral enzymes |
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Term
| What are 4 viral enzymes that can be targeted? |
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Definition
| Proteases, inegrase, reverse transcriptase, neuraminidase |
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Term
| What drug(s) inhibits influenza A, C and sendai virus? |
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Definition
| Amantidine and ramantadine |
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Term
| Amantidine/Ramantadine: Method of action? |
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Definition
| Acts after attachment, absorbed from GI and excreted unchanged in the urine. Prevents spread of influenza A, few side effects. |
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Term
| Nucleoside analogs: Two drug names and viruses they target? |
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Definition
| Idoxuridine - herpes of cornea and skin. Trifluridine - herpes keratitis in humans. |
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Term
| Acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir: Method of action and target viruses? |
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Definition
| Inhibit viral DNA pol, targets DNA viruses (mostly herpes). Topical, oral or IV. |
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Term
| Ribavirin: Method of action and target viruses? |
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Definition
| Guanosine analog. Targets RNA or DNA viruses. Inhibits viral enzymes for capping and viral polypeptide synthesis. Well absorbed/dist. Toxicity = GI, anorexia, anemia. |
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Term
| Interferon: Method of action and target viruses, concerns? |
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Definition
| DNA and RNA viruses, inc cellular endonucleases + other anti-viral stuff. Lots of toxicity so rarely used in vet med. |
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Term
| Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Two drugs? |
|
Definition
Zanamivir - topical/inhalation - dec flu symptoms by one day.
oseltamivir - dec flu symptoms by 40%, reduce spread |
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Term
| Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Mode of action? |
|
Definition
| Stop neuraminidase from cleaving sialic acid. |
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Term
| Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Target viruses? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What "drug" can be used for treatment of FHV-1? |
|
Definition
| Lysine - will dec absorption of arginine which is needed for infection. |
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|
Term
| Four goals for liver therapy. |
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Definition
| Treat primary etiology, diet, specific therapy, hepatic support. |
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|
Term
| What drugs are available for liver treatment? |
|
Definition
| Ursodeoxycholic acid, cholchcine, zinc, Vit E, SAMe, milk thistle |
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|
Term
| In liver disease _____ will increase. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Basic review about bile acids and their fxn. |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic, soluble in lipid preps, not water soluble. Fxn: emulsify fat in the GI for absorption. They're detergents and can cause membrane damage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bear bile. Hydrophilic, nontoxic to the the tissue, hepatoprotective properties, antioxident, choleresis (inc bile flow), immune modulation, anti-inflammatory. Uses: chronic hepatits, cholantits, cholestatic liver dz. |
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|
Term
| Hepatic copper chelators. |
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Definition
| Drugs: penicillamine and trientine. Takes copper granules and chelates it and will be excreted out through the urine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blocks copper absorption and has antioxidant fxns. Give high levels of Zn in diet. It will induce production of the binding protein, binds to copper in the intestinal cell which will eventually die and be sloughed off in the GI tract. The binding is called metallothionein production. |
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Term
| Hepatic fibrosis and what cell is important. |
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Definition
| Stellate cells will produce collagen if they get stimulated by cytokines from inflammation. Stellate cells fxn: store Vit A. Fibrosis will inhibit normal hepatic fxn. nutrient exchange is inhibited. If inflammation stops then it will stop induction of cells producing collagen. |
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Term
| What drugs have antifibrotic activity? |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids and colchicine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreases fibrosis in the liver. Axn on stellate cells: blocks collagen secretion and inc collagenase. Collagenases will break down collagen. |
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Term
| Princess the lab was tx with ____, which she started having a reaction and wasn't metabolizing it correctly. Caused liver problems. |
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Definition
| TMZ/Sulfa. Idiosyncratic drug rxn. |
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|
Term
| Lactulose action in the colon. |
|
Definition
| Used in constipation, its a laxative. It has effects for trapping ammonia in the GI so it is not absorbed. Adds H+ to NH3 to make NH4 which is poorly absorbed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Detoxifies free radicals, protects against ROS. If you don't have it get cellular damage. Protects against ROS, heavy metals, drugs, xenobiotics. SAMe will replinish it. |
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|
Term
| S-Adenoxylmethionine (SAMe |
|
Definition
| Natural substance found in the body. Highest conc in the liver, second in the brain. Makes glutathione (detox), makes polyamines (cell regeneration), makes phospholipids, DNA, proteins (membrane fxn). |
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Term
|
Definition
Indications: Acetaminoprine and other acute hepatic toxicity requiring IV dosing
Synergistic antioxidant effect with Vitamine E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-antioxidant fxn
-evidence for hepatoprotection
-mammals cant synthesize it, it’s an essential nutrient |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-has silymarin in extract
-low toxicity
-silybin active isomer
Fxn:
-free radical scavenger
-Antioxidant (prevent membrane lipid peroxidation, increase glutathione)
-decrease hepatic collagen formation
-inhibit hepatotoxin binding
-increase choleresis
***benefit for amanita poisoning-mushrooms*** |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| L-Carnitine Supplementation |
|
Definition
-Reduce hepatic FFA during rapid wt loss
-Fatty acid oxidation
-good for feline idiopathic lipidosis |
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|
Term
Define:
Hunger
Appetitie
Satiety |
|
Definition
-craving or desire to ingest food
-hunger for specific foods
-opposite of hunger |
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|
Term
Physiology of Appetite-Hypothelamic control
What inhibits Satiety?
What is stimulatory? |
|
Definition
--Serotonin
--Dopamine and GABA (which inhibits serotinin) |
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Term
| Drugs that Stimulate Appetite |
|
Definition
-5-HT (serotonin) antag.: Cyproheptadine (cats)
-GABA-like activity: Benzodiazepines (diazepam)
-Glucocordicoids
-Megesterol acetate (progesterone)
-B-vitamins (B12 cats) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-appetite stim in cats
-5HT1 agonist, 5HT3 antag
-doesn’t tranquilize
-antiemetic effects |
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|
Term
Define Vomiting
Where does it originate?
What does it consist of? |
|
Definition
Forceful expulsion of the coents of the stomach through the mouth.
-emetic center in the brain stem
-salivation, retching, expulsion of gastric contents |
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|
Term
Pathophysiology of Vomiting
It’s a _____ originated reflex |
|
Definition
-CNS
Central: vetibular→CRTZ (chemo R trigger zone), CNS
Peripheral: CN IX, CN X, sympathetic, peripheral sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-antihistaminic drugs
-phenothiazine tranquilizers
-anticholinergic drugs
-metoclopramide
-serotonin antagonists
-NK1 receptor antagonist
-butorphanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks: cholinergic (M1) and histaminergic (H1) receptors
Used for: vestibular dz or motion sickness
Cons: mild sedation, dry mouth
Drugs: Meclizine, Diphenhydramine
**NOT USED IN VET MED |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazine Tranquilizers |
|
Definition
Blocks: H1 and α2
Axn on: Vomiting center, CRTZ
Cons: hypotension (α2), sedation
Drugs: chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, acepramazine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks: cholinergic pathways from GI tract and vestibular
Cons: GI atony
**poorly effective as an antiemetic
Drugs: propantheline, isopropamide |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks:
-low dose: inhibit D2 in CRTZ
-high dose: inhibit serotonin R in CRTZ
Effects: upper GI motility and CNS excitement |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks: R in vomiting center, vagal nerve terminals, CRTZ
Drugs: Ondansetron, Dolasetron |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks: peripheral nerves, CRTZ vomiting center and Vestibular
**FDA approved for dogs
Drugs: Maropitant
Used for: chemotherapy, motion sickness (Need higher doses)
**blocks visceral pain |
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Term
| Rational Clinical use of Antiemetics (6) |
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Definition
-motion sickness
-uremia
-cancer chemotherapy
-parvovirus
-acute gastroenteritis
-nausea assoc anorexia
When to use: perfuse vomiting, prevent fluid and electrolyte loss, concern of aspiration pneumonia, nausea causing vomiting
When NOT to use: GI obstructions
Concerns: antiemetics mask/delay dx of clinical disease |
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Term
Irrational use of Antiemetics (3)
DON’T USE IT!!! |
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Definition
-GI toxicity: prevents animal from eliminating toxin
-Systemic hypotension: alpha antag will worsen low BP
-Epilepsy: phenothiazines |
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Term
| Emetic Drugs to Induce Vomiting |
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Definition
-Indications: poisonings
-contraindications: corrosive poisons, risk of aspiration
-Emetic classification: peripheral, central |
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Term
Emetic Drugs
Xylazine (α adrenergic)
Apomorphine (dopamnergic)
Ipecac syrup
Hydrogen peroxide
Salt solution Powered Mustard |
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Definition
Emetic center, CRTZ
CRTZ
CRTZ, Vagal Afferent
Vagel afferent
Vagal Afferent, Glossopharyngeal Afferents |
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Term
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Definition
Emetic Drug
Tablets that dissolve in sterile saline and then drop into conunctival sac of the eye. After vomiting…irrigate eyes |
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Term
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Definition
Single Ulcers—Uncommon
Diffuse mucosal erosions—common |
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Term
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Definition
Prevent the back diffusion of HCL.
Resistant to Acid.
Produced by PGE (prostaglandins). PGE decreased acid secretion. |
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Term
| Control of Gastric Ulceration |
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Definition
-remove etiologic factors
-block acid production: H2RA, PPI
-provide gastric cytoprotection: PGE |
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Term
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Definition
Proton pump inhibitors that blck ATPase(blocking parietal cell from secreting H+): Omeprazole, Pantoprazole
Block H2 (H2 is Receptor on parietal cell): Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine |
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Term
| H2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RA) |
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Definition
-promotes ulcer healing but won’t prevent it
-inhibts H2 receptor (famotidine >cimetidine)
-decrease in renal disease
Drugs: Cimetidine (inhibit CYP450), Ranitidine and nizatidine (GI prokinetic effect), Famotidine (most often used) |
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Term
| Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) |
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Definition
-binds irreversibly to H+/K+ ATPase of parietal cells
Drugs: Omeprazole (oral), Pantoprazole (inject)
Uses: severe or refractive gastric ulcers (when H2RA don’t work), reflux esophagitis |
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Term
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Definition
-chemically neutralize HCL
-inactivate pepsin, bile acids
-active only in lumen of stomach
Cons: give frequently, give orally, absorb other drugs, potential side effects |
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Term
| Sucralfate (aluminum sucrose octasulfate) |
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Definition
-binds in ulcer-physical barrier
-binds pepsin & bile acids
-neutralize acids
-cytoprotection
-increase mucous synth
-Increase PGE
-increase HCO3 and somatostatin
-increase epidermal growth factor
-works in acid and alkaline pH
-give w/ acid blocking drugs
USE: esophageal ulceration and colonic ulceration |
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Term
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Definition
-synthetic PGE
-gastric mucosal cytoprotection
Use: NSAIDs ulceration
Side effects: diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, abortion |
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Term
Physiology of Gastric and Intestinal Motility
Cholinergics
Anticholinergics
Opioids |
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Definition
--increase motility
--decrease motility
--increase intestinal segmentation |
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Term
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Definition
Dopamine antag @ low dose
5-HT4 agonist @ high dose
Axn: increase upper GI motility
Uses: gastroesophageal reflux, gastric hypomotility, antiemetic (CRTZ) |
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Term
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Definition
Axn: (cholinergic nerves), 5-HT4 agonist
Uses: Gastroesophageal reflux, gastric hypomotility, feline megacolon, atonic urinary bladder
**more potent than metaclopromide
**safe in dogs/cats—no cardiac arrhythmia |
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Term
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Definition
Binds to motilin receptors
Low doses: motility effects
Advantage: inexpensive
Uses: upper GI motility, canine constipation |
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Term
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Definition
Secretory
Motility
Osmotic
Increased permeability |
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Term
| Symptomatic Management of Acute Diarrhea |
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Definition
-fluid therapy
-Rest GI by not giving food
-Questionable benefit:
Intestinal protectants
Motility modifying drugs
Antibiotics |
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Term
| TX Self-limiting Diarrhea |
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Definition
-Motility modifies (anticholinergics, opioid drugs)
Pros: stops diarrhea, reduces electrolyte loss
Cons: alters GI defense mech, altered motility, systemic effects. Can’t get rid of whatever is in gi tract |
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Term
| Types of contractions in the GI |
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Definition
Circular: mix food and break it down so it can be absorbed.
Longitudinal peristaltic: push food down the tract
Acute diarrhea: don’t have motility at all, stuff just goes down the tube.
Opioids: increase segmentation in the intestine, therefore increase resistance to slow everything down, help with increasing absorption of fluid in the gi tract. |
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