Term
|
Definition
sulphonamides
amprolium
4-hydroxyquinolone
ionophores
benzeneacetonitiriles
halofugirone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
imidocarb
clindamycin
metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| why are coccidiostats mainly used as prophylactics? |
|
Definition
-most are coccidiostats = decr ability to attack coccidia
-only affect invading sporozoites, NOT adults (once past sporozoite stage = coccidiostats are ineffective)
-dx of coccidial infection only possible late in infection - past point of tx |
|
|
Term
| admin of anticoccidials = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sulphonamides largley used in... |
|
Definition
....poultry, although less now due to R
...cattle and sheep |
|
|
Term
| sulphonamides have what effects? |
|
Definition
| antibacterial and antiprotozoal |
|
|
Term
| at low dose sulphonamides = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at high dose sulphonamides = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competitive inhibitor of DHPS = block folate synth |
|
|
Term
| sulphonamide action is against... |
|
Definition
| ...IC sporozoan para (as v low folate levels here, so none to take in and cant produce any cus of the drugs effects) |
|
|
Term
| sulphonamide synergises with what to make it coccidiocidal? |
|
Definition
| trimethoprim (inhibits DHFR) |
|
|
Term
| Amprolium is an analogue of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thiamine analogue = selective inhibiton of protozoal thiamine pump (pumps thiamine into cell) = blocks thiamine transporter =disrupts coccidias CHO metab |
|
|
Term
| thiamine otherwise known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deficiency of thiamine in host = |
|
Definition
| supression of coccidial infection/not susuceptible to coccidial infection |
|
|
Term
| spectrum of activity of amprolium = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| R and potnecy of amprolium = |
|
Definition
| little R development and mediocre efficacy |
|
|
Term
| amprolium often used as... |
|
Definition
| ...prophylactic tx in chickens and cattle in conjunction with sulphonamides (To improve efficacy) |
|
|
Term
| site of action of 4-hydroxyquinolone = |
|
Definition
unknown
possibly cytochrome O (specific metabolic enzyme of eimeria = block oxidation and therfore block mitochondrial resp) |
|
|
Term
| toxicity of 4-hydroxyquinolone? |
|
Definition
relatively non-toxic as no effect on avian or mammalian mitochondria :)
and porr gut absorption = decr toxicity |
|
|
Term
| 4-hydroxyquinolone used for... |
|
Definition
| ....prophylactic tx of chickens, cattle and sheep |
|
|
Term
| 4-hydroxyquinolones spectrum of activity = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4-hydroxyquinolones activity = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most commonly used coccidiostat in poultry = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make cell mb perm to inorganic cations and form a complex with inorganic cations
exchange Na+ for K+ = disrupt ion balance = decr K+ in cell (K+ vital for metabolic activities) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high - act on mammalian and avian cells as much as protozoa :(
Only usuable due to poor gut absorption |
|
|
Term
| ionophores can be used as what in cattle? |
|
Definition
growth promoters - alter rumen flora, when admin orally, in favour of energy rich proprionate over acetate = incr FCR
BANNED |
|
|
Term
| ionophores are highly toxic to what sp? |
|
Definition
| horses LD50 =nearly 100x lower than for cattle when given orally |
|
|
Term
| why are horses much more susceptible to ionophore toxicity compared to cattle? |
|
Definition
horses are monogastric = rapid absorption of drug = heart stops v rapidly due to ionic balance
Ruminants absorb alot of drug in ruminal flora |
|
|
Term
| why are horses much more susceptible to ionophore toxicity compared to cattle? |
|
Definition
horses are monogastric = rapid absorption of drug = heart stops v rapidly due to ionic balance
Ruminants absorb alot of drug in ruminal flora |
|
|
Term
| host cells susceptible to ionophores = |
|
Definition
| mm and neurone = effect heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if horses eat poultry feed containing ionophore, monensin = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ...cryptosporidosis in calfs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restricted to use in cattle with babesia (red water fever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clindamycine useful in tx of... |
|
Definition
| ...anaerobic infections (many protozoa are anaerobic) and toxoplasmosis in cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| targets protein synth of bacteria and protozoa |
|
|
Term
| metronidazole is useful for tx of... |
|
Definition
| ...anaerobic bacterial and protozoal infections |
|
|
Term
| metronidazole is effective against.. |
|
Definition
| ...Giarda and Trichomonas in doga (anaerobic protozoa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prodrug - req reduction in anaerobic enviro to active form = free radical= binds to DNA and proteins and destroys them
therefore drug is inhibites/doesnt work in aerobic enviro |
|
|
Term
| protozoa R to metronidazole use... |
|
Definition
| ...a mutant pyrivate oxidase which doesnt accept metronidazole as its cofactor |
|
|
