Term
| What are examples of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Neomycin
Paromomycin
Tobramycin
Amikacin
Gentamicin |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Hydrophilic
Lipid insoluble
Minimally absorbed from gut
Minimally bound to protein (but can bind to debris) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal? |
|
Definition
| Bactericidal (only protein inhibitor that is!!!) |
|
|
Term
| Do aminoglycosides have good or poor penetration into bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is penetration into bacteria dependent on for aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Energy dependent phase I - Oxygen - blocked by hyperosmolarity, low pH, and anaerobic conditions
Energy dependent phase II - disruption of membrane and ion leakage |
|
|
Term
| What does tobramycin (aminoglycoside) have the best potency against? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which aminoglycoside has the broadest spectrum? |
|
Definition
Amikacin
Resistant to enzymes produced by enterobacteriaceae (less resistance) |
|
|
Term
| Which aminoglycoside is used for amoebas and helminths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the route of administration for aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
IV, IM, or SC for systemic effects
PO for local GI effects |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vd for aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How well do aminoglycosides penetrate into the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the sites of tissue concentration of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Renal cortex
Cochlear tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the excretion of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Kidneys
[Urine] may be 100x [serum] |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you administer an aminoglycoside intramammary? |
|
Definition
| Diffuses into plasma (enough to produce prolonged renal residues) |
|
|
Term
| What is the efficacy of aminoglycosides dependent on? |
|
Definition
Peak
1x/day admin
DO NOT ADMIN BY CRI!! |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse reactions of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Renal toxicity (esp neomycin)
Ototoxicity
Neuromuscular blockade
Excessive WDT |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of renal toxicity with aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Initial nonazotemic phase
Azotemic phase - non reversible |
|
|
Term
| How do cats and dogs present differently with ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Cats - vestibular symptoms
Dogs - auditory symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What are the drug-drug interactions of aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
Loop or osmotic diuretics - increase kidney ADE
General anesthetics/NMJ blockades |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to avoid nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| Allow [serum] to drop below a trough prior to next dose |
|
|
Term
| What are the rules for aminoglycoside use in food animals? |
|
Definition
Only injectable label is for 3d old pigs
Gentamicin pinkeye spray
NO TOLERANCE for gentamicin in bovine tissue
Neomycin oral use only
Shouldn't be used (Academy of Veterinary Consultants, AABP, National Cattlemen's Beef Association, and AVMA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the number for FARAD (Food Animal Residue Avoidance Depletion program)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of aminocyclitols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of aminocyclitols? |
|
Definition
Water soluble
Poorly lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of aminocyclitols? |
|
Definition
Inhibit protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic |
|
|
Term
| What are the routes of administration of aminocyclitols? |
|
Definition
IV, IM, or SC
PO for local GI effects |
|
|
Term
| What are the pharmacokinetics of aminocyclitols? |
|
Definition
Short T1/2
Low Vd
Limited distribution beyond ECF |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse reactions to aminocyclitols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of antibiotics are the penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of penicillins? |
|
Definition
Na/K Pen G
Procaine Pen G
Benzathine Pen G |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of penicillinase-resistant penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of aminopenicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are antipseudomonal (extended spectrum) penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of potentiated penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Amoxicillin-Potassium clavulanate |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of penicillins? |
|
Definition
Water soluble
Organic acids
Poor lipid solubility |
|
|
Term
| What part of the penicillin molecule is needed for clinical efficacy of penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus containing beta-lactam ring |
|
|
Term
| How are penicillins administered? |
|
Definition
Na/K pen G and amoxicillin - IV
Benzathine/procain - IM or SC (IV admin may result in procain toxicity) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of penicillins? |
|
Definition
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
"Fake bricks in a wall"
Can't withstand osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| When are penicillins most effective against bacteria? |
|
Definition
| When they are growing a dividing!!! |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of resistance for gram + bacteria to penicillins? |
|
Definition
Inducible, plasmid-mediated enzymes
Destroy beta-lactam ring
Ex: mecA gene for methicillin in S. aureus |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of resistance for gram - bacteria to penicillins? |
|
Definition
Inherent resistance due to lack of penicillin binding proteins
Low permeability to beta-lactams
Beta-lactamase enzymes
Ex: extended-spectrums have issues with Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and E. coli |
|
|
Term
| What is the only acid stable version of pen G suitable for oral use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are penicillins ionized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Vd of penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are penicillins excreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more orally bioavailable - amoxicillin or ampicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are beta-lactams bacteriostatic or bactericidal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the efficacy of beta-lactams linked to? |
|
Definition
| Time the serum concentration remains above the MIC of the pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| YES! Anaphylaxis may occur (expect cross-sensitivity) |
|
|
Term
| How long before racing should you discontinue procaine pen G to avoid procaine residues in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main adverse effect of IV K pen G in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do non-ruminant herbivores respond to pen G? |
|
Definition
OFTEN FATAL (rabbits, etc)
You can still use it in horses!!! |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of beta-lactamase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of beta-lactamase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
Very little antimicrobial activity on their own
Bind with chromosomally-mediated and plasma-mediated penicillinases |
|
|
Term
| When should you stop administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in cats? |
|
Definition
When they stop eating
May drive them into hepatic lipidosis! |
|
|
Term
| What is the main adverse effect of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are cephalosporins classified by activity ("generations")? |
|
Definition
| Structure and activity not consistently related |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of first generation cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
Cefadroxil
Cephalexin
Cefapirin
Cefazolin |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of third generation cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
Cefpodoxime
Proxetil
Ceftriaxone
Ceftiofur Na, HCl, and CFA
Cefovecin |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of fourth generation cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
Water soluble
Poorly lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the efficacy of cephalosporins related to? |
|
Definition
Time above MIC
Bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about cefovecin? |
|
Definition
Injectable third-gen
Long T1/2 (5.5d dogs, 6.9d cats)
Does not reach MIC90 for E. coli, Pseudomonas, or enterococci |
|
|
Term
| Why shouldn't you use cephalosporins IV in cattle? |
|
Definition
| No points! (same pharmacokinetics as IM) |
|
|
Term
| Why does ceftiofur CFA have such a long half life? |
|
Definition
Flip-flop kinetics
Protein binding
Can only inject at base of ear!! |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about ceftiofur HCl? |
|
Definition
| Comes ready to use in a cottonseed oil carrier (unlike ceftiofur Na) |
|
|
Term
| What is ceftiofur CFA labeled for? |
|
Definition
BRD (inject at base of ear)
Swine respiratory dz
Equine lower respiratory tract infections |
|
|
Term
| What form does cefpodoxime proxetil come in? |
|
Definition
Tablets
No activity against P. aeruginosa |
|
|
Term
| What pathogens are displaying significant cephalosporin resistance? |
|
Definition
S. Heidelberg in poultry
S. Newport and S. Typhimurium in dairy cattle |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen will susceptibility testing look rosy for using ceftiofur (but really the drug won't work)? |
|
Definition
| Staph (drug and metabolite don't have equal activity) |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse reactions to ceftiofur? |
|
Definition
Anaphylaxis (cross reactivity with penicillins)
Hepatitis, agraulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia (high dose/prolonged use)
Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea
Seizures (with phenobarb) |
|
|
Term
| Is extralabel use of ceftiofurs allowed in food animals? |
|
Definition
| NO! Cannot alter regimen either! |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the carbapenems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria have shown resistance to carbapenems? |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas
Enterococcus faecium
MRSA |
|
|
Term
| What are the routes of administration for carbapenems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which carbapenem is better for SC injection? |
|
Definition
| Meropenem - almost complete absorption, no pain (like imipenem), injection volume lower, more stable |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of monobactams? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
Enrofloxacin - injectable and oral
Difloxacin - tablets
Orbifloxacin - tablets
Marbofloxacin - tablets
Danofloxacin - injectable |
|
|
Term
| What is the proper way to use fluoroquinolones extralabel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
Poor lipid solubility except in pH range of 6-8, so EXCELLENT LIPID SOLUBILITY WHEN USED CLINICALLY!
"Oral aminoglycosides" |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
Topoisomerase inhibition - leads to DNA strand breaks
Rapidly bactericidal
Mammalian topoisomerase unaffected |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
Alteration of target enzymes (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV)
Decreased drug permeation into bacterial cells
Plasmid and non-plasmid encoded |
|
|
Term
| What is the mutant prevention concentration? |
|
Definition
| Concentration above which two concurrent mutations for resistance must occur for an organism to grow |
|
|
Term
| How bioavailable are fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
Very high from oral, IM, or SC
Rapidly absorbed |
|
|
Term
| Can fluoroquinolones penetrate the brain and prostate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are fluoroquinolones excreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are fluoroquinolones metabolized? |
|
Definition
De-ethylation rxn in the liver
Transforms enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin |
|
|
Term
| What is the efficacy of fluoroquinolones associated with? |
|
Definition
Peak concentration (target 8-10x pathogen MIC)
Ratio of AUC to pathogen MIC (target >125) |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse reactions of fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
Articular cartilage damage (pups, foals)
Retinal degeneration (cats, guanacos - enro)
Increased seizure frequency (dogs - w/ phenobarb)
Irritating when infused inutero (horses) |
|
|
Term
| What are the drug interactions for fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
Some have strong affinity for CYP-450 enzyme IA-2
Can raise serum theophylline levels |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of macrolides? |
|
Definition
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Tulathromycin
Tylosin
Tilmicosin - VFD
Tildipirosin |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of the macrolides? |
|
Definition
Basic compounds
Lipid soluble
Alcohol soluble
Poorly water soluble |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of macrolides? |
|
Definition
Inhibit protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic (newer human ones bactericidal) |
|
|
Term
| How is tilmicosin administered? |
|
Definition
SC in cattle
Oral admin in feed for swine - VFD
IV admin fatal!!! |
|
|
Term
| How is azithromycin administered? |
|
Definition
Oral
Injection (may be irritating) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vd for macrolides? |
|
Definition
>1L/kg
Concentrate in tissues!
Long T1/2 (protein binding) |
|
|
Term
| How are macrolides eliminated? |
|
Definition
Primarily through bile
Minimal renal contribution |
|
|
Term
| What is the efficacy of macrolides dependent on? |
|
Definition
Time above MIC
Azithro and clarithromycin - peak concentration |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse reactions to macrolides? |
|
Definition
GI effects
Injection sites (food animals)
Temperature regulation (hyperthermia in foals) |
|
|
Term
| What population can tilmicosin NOT be used in? |
|
Definition
| Dairy cows (15-29d milk withdrawals!) |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of lincosamides? |
|
Definition
Lincomycin
Clindamycin
Pirlimycin |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of lincosamides? |
|
Definition
Basic (traps in milk)
Lipid soluble
Related to macrolides (but different structure) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of lincosamides? |
|
Definition
Inhibit protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic
Toxin production inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What are the resistance mechanisms to lincosamides? |
|
Definition
Gram - because of impermeable cell membranes and incompatible binding sites
Cross resistance with virginiamycin |
|
|
Term
| What is the efficacy of lincosamides dependent on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a dosing precaution to take with lincosamides? |
|
Definition
BAD TASTE!!
Esophageal damage bc cats won't swallow |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse reactions/contraindications for lincosamides? |
|
Definition
Death in nonruminant herbivores
Not recommended in ruminants and pigs
Diarrhea in nursing pups and kittens if dam given lincosamide
Fatality in pulmonic toxo cats |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the nitroimidazoles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nitroimidazoles can you use in food animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of nitroimidazoles? |
|
Definition
| Reduction in the nitro group of anaerobic bacteria to produce unstable metabolites (which break DNA and inhibit repair enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| How well is metronidazole absorbed? |
|
Definition
| Well absorbed with variable (also tastes bad) |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of metronidazole? |
|
Definition
Carcinogen (no food animals!!)
Nausea
Inappetance
CNS toxicosis (high doses) |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the phenicols? |
|
Definition
Chloramphenicol
Florfenicol |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of phenicols? |
|
Definition
Very lipid soluble
High Vd (>1L/kg)
Chloramphenicol>Thiamphenicol>Florfenicol |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of phenicols? |
|
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibition
Chloramphenicol - aplastic anemia!! (dispense exam gloves for use) |
|
|
Term
| Why is chloramphenicol banned for use in food animals? |
|
Definition
| Possible irreversible aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| How are phenicols administered? |
|
Definition
Chloramphenicol - capsules, injection
Florfenicol - IM, SC, oral (in water for swine) |
|
|
Term
| Why should you be careful using chloramphenicol in a neonate? |
|
Definition
Deficient in glucuronyl transferase
Elimination very slow! |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug drug interaction of chloramphenicol? |
|
Definition
Reduces glucuronide conjugation and oxidative pathways in the liver
Prolongs barbiturates
(CAREFUL WITH PHENOBARB) |
|
|
Term
| What is the efficacy of chloramphenicol associated with? |
|
Definition
Time above MIC
Florfenicol - bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of phenicols? |
|
Definition
Human aplastic anemia
Bone marrow suppression
Excessive accumulation in patients with impaired renal and hepatic fxn
Gray baby syndrome - cats - circulatory collapse
Decreased H20 consumption, inappetance, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of sulfonamides/diaminopyrimidines? |
|
Definition
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethazine
Sulfadiazine
Sulfadimethoxine + sulfamethazine
Sulfasalazine - careful in cats!!
Ormetoprim
Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine
Omretoprim/sulfadimethoxine |
|
|
Term
| What animal are sulfonamide drugs prohibited in? |
|
Definition
Lactating dairy cows!
(Except approved use of sulfadimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine, and sulfaethoxypyridazine) |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
Each sulfa shows independent solubility in a solution
Weak acids (except trimethoprim - lipid soluble)
Not water soluble |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
Compete with PABA for incorporation into the scheme for folic acid synthesis (which is used for purine synthesis) - decreases RNA and inhibits protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic (trimethoprim - cidal) |
|
|
Term
| What does cellular debris do to sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
Lose activity!
Folic acid and purins readily available from environment |
|
|
Term
| What type of compound is synergistic with sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
| Diaminopyrimidine - bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| How prevalent is resistance to sulfas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the route of administration of sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
Sulfadimethoxine - IV, oral
- +ormetoprim - tablets
Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine - IV, oral tablets/paste
Sulfamethiazine - oral, VFD, soluble powder
Sulfachlorpyridazine - IV, soluble powder
Sulfasalazine - oral tablets |
|
|
Term
| How well are sulfas absorbed? |
|
Definition
Well orally!!
Differences between sulfas in degree of protein binding, Vd, and T1/2 |
|
|
Term
| What is a common dosing regimen for sulfas? |
|
Definition
| Loading dose then maintenance dose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the efficacy of sulfas depend on? |
|
Definition
Time above MIC
Bacteriostatic
(+diaminopyrimidine = cidal) |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of sulfas? |
|
Definition
KCS
Neutropenia
Crystalluria
Enteric flora alteration
Injection sites (food animal)
Sulfaquinoxaline - antagonize Vit K
Decrease T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
Chlortetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Tetracycline
Tigecyclin
Doxycycline |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
Protein synthesis inhibition
Bacteriostatic |
|
|
Term
| How are tetracyclines administered? |
|
Definition
Tetracycline - oral
Chlortetracycline - feed
Oxytetracycline - ophthalmic, oral, injectable
Doxycycline - oral, injection
Tigecycline - injection |
|
|
Term
| How well are tetracyclines absorbed? |
|
Definition
| Well absorbed from oral, IM, and SC |
|
|
Term
| Which is the tetracycline of choice for renal disease? |
|
Definition
| Doxycycline (eliminated through bile and GIT instead of kidney) |
|
|
Term
| What limits diffusion of doxycycline into tissues? |
|
Definition
90% protein bound in dogs
99% protein bound in cats |
|
|
Term
| What drug can you use in flexor tendon contraction deformities in neonatal foals? |
|
Definition
| Oxytetracycline (high-dose IV) |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse reactions of tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
Nephrotoxicity (in dehydrated or renal dz)
Teeth staining in fetus and juveniles
GI effects (cats especially)
Cardiovascular dysfxn in horses
Injection site concerns (FA)
Photosensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of cyclic lipopeptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is daptomycin administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of glycopeptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should vancomycin be used in food animals? |
|
Definition
| BANNED! Due to concerns about resistance development |
|
|
Term
| What agent is vancomycin the first line of defense against? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How well is vancomycin absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of vancomycin? |
|
Definition
Ototoxicity
"Redman Syndrome" - release of histamine (admin slowly)
Careful with aminoglycosides!!
Nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of oxazolidinones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is linezolid primarily used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How bioavailable is linezolid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the streptogramins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How orally bioavailable are streptogramins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the applications of synercid? |
|
Definition
VRE
Resistant pneumococcus
MRSA |
|
|
Term
| What is the resistance to streptogramins? |
|
Definition
| Cross resistant with macrolides and lincosamides (group B streptogramins) |
|
|
Term
| What is mupirocin used for? |
|
Definition
Topical infections
(Staph and Strep) |
|
|
Term
| Why is mupirocin only available for topical use? |
|
Definition
| Rapid metabolism after systemic administration |
|
|
Term
| What are bambermycins used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What else do bambermycins do? |
|
Definition
| Decrease shedding of E. coli and Salmonella and decrease resistance (YAY!) |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of ionophores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of ionophores? |
|
Definition
Complexes will cell wall sodium
Export of potassium/import of hydrogen
Drops intracellular pH
Bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| How do ionophores promote growth? |
|
Definition
Eliminate some gram + population of rumen
Shifts VFA production toward proprionic acid
Decreases fog fever and methane |
|
|
Term
| What is another reason for using ionophores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is isoniazid used for? |
|
Definition
Antitubercular in people
Actinomyces bovis |
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Term
| What is an example of a methenamine and what is it used for? |
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Definition
Formaldehyde
Urinary antiseptic |
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Term
| Which nitrofurans are used in food animals? |
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Definition
NONE!
Mutagenic, carcinogenic |
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Term
| What are nitrofurans used for? |
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Definition
UTIs
No oral bioavailability |
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Term
| What is the mode of action of novobiocin? |
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Definition
| Inhibits DNA supercoiling by inactivating DNA gyrase |
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Term
| What are the examples of pleuromutilins (diterpines)? |
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Definition
| Tiamulin (admin in food and water) |
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Term
| What are the physiochemical properties of polymyxins? |
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Definition
| Basic, cyclic decapeptides |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action of polymyxins? |
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Definition
Disrupts gram negative cell membranes (detergent)
Binds endotoxin |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of polymyxins? |
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Definition
Nephrotoxicity
NMB
CNS toxicity |
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Term
| What are the examples of quinoxaline derivatives? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the food animal concerns of carbadox? |
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Definition
Banned in Canada and the EU
Carcinogen |
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Term
| What are examples of rifamycins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is rifampin used for? |
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Definition
TB in people
Rhodococcus equi
Gram-negatives usually resistant |
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Term
| What is the adverse effect of rifampin? |
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Definition
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