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Pgs 76-92
The Cellular Level of Organization
40
Anatomy
Not Applicable
02/14/2011

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Term
Cytosol (ICF)
Definition
fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles
Term
Organelles
Definition
a permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
complex internal structure of cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubles, and intermediate filaments
Term
Centrosome
Definition
a dense network of small protein fibers near the nucleus of a cell, containing a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material
Term
Cilia = eyelashes
Definition
a hair or hairlike process projecting from a cell that may be used to move the entire cell or to move substances along the surface of the cell
Term
Flagella = whip
Definition
a hairlike, motile process on the extremity of a bacterium, protozoan, or sperm cell
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Sites of protein synthesis; • Attached to endoplasmic reticulum to help synthesize proteins destined for specific organelles in and out of cell
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum

"plasmic" = cytoplasm; "reticulum" = network
Definition
Extends from nuclear envelope of nucleus throughout cytoplasm;

Rough ER – studded with ribosomes and is folded into a series of flattened sacs; synthesizes glycoproteins and phopholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis

Smooth ER – without ribosomes; synthesizes fatty acids and steroids; inactivates or detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances; help to release glucose in bloodstream and also helps in muscle contraction
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
functions in processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vescicles;

an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells consisting of four to six flattened sacs (cisternae), stacked on one another, with expanded areas at their ends

forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles
Term
Lysosomes

"lyso" = dissolving ; "somes" = bodies
Definition
membrane- enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex;
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a single membrane and containing powerful digestive enzymes
Term
Proteasomes

"somes" = bodies
Definition
tiny cellular organelle in cytosol and nucleus containing proteases that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
Term
Mitochondria

"mito" = thread ; "chondria" = granules"
Definition
Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration;

a double-membraned organelle that plays a central role in the production of ATP;

Referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell
Term
Nucleus
Definition
a spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the hereditary factors of the cell, called genes;
a cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system;
the central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm;
lipid bilayers;
outer membrane is continuous with rough ER
Term
Nuclear Pore
Definition
openings that extend through the nuclear envelope that consists of a circular arrangement of proteins;
control movement for substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
sites of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal subunits;
spherical body within a cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that is the site of the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits;
spherical body withina cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that is the site for the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits
Term
Genes
Definition
cell’s hereditary unites which control cellular structure and direct cellular activities
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
arranged genes; a long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins
Term
Proteome
Definition
all an organism's proteins
Term
Gene Expression
Definition
gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein
Term
Transcription
Definition
specific region of DNA that is copied(transcribed) to produce RNA which is than translated to form new protein
Term
Base Triplet
Definition
sequence of three nucleotides in DNA
Term
Codon
Definition
DNA base triplet is transcribed as a complementary sequence of three nucleotides;
a given codon specifies a particular amino acid
Term
Messenger RNA
Definition
(mRNA) that directs the synthesis of a protein
Term
Ribosomal RNA
Definition
(rRNA) joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation
Term
Translation
Definition
•An mRNA molecule binds to a ribosome then the mRNA nucleotide sequence specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
Term
Microvilli

"micro" = small ; "villi" = tufts of hair
Definition
microscopic, fingerlike projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys
Term
Cisternae = cavities
Definition
consists of 3-20 small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges that resembles a stack of pita bread
Term
Cis face or convex entry
Definition
cisterna that faces the rough ER
Term
Trans face or concave exit
Definition
cisterna that faces the plasma membrane
Term
Medial Cisternae
Definition
sacs between the entry and exit faces
Term
Transfer Vesicles
Definition
bud from the edges of the cisternae move specific enzymes back toward the entry face and move some partially modified proteins toward the exit face
Term
Autophagy

"auto" = self ; "phagy" = eating
Definition
the process by which entire worn-out organelles are digested
Term
Autophagosome
Definition
the organelle to be digested is enclosed by a membrane derived from the ER to create a vesicle
Term
Autolysis
Definition
self-destruction of cells by their own lysosomal digestive enzymes after death or in a pathological process
Term
Perioxisome

"peroxi" = peroxide; "somes" = bodies
Definition
organelle similar in structure to a lysosome that contains enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic compounds; such reactions produce hydrogen peroxide; abundant in liver cells
Term
Chromatin
Definition
the threadlike mass of genetic materialm consisting of DNA and histone proteins, that is present in the nucleus of a nondividing or interphase cell
Term
Genome
Definition
the complete set of genes of an organism
Term
Genetic Code
Definition
set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids they specify
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