Term
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Definition
| forms cell's flexible outer surface separating the cell's internal and external environment |
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Term
Cytoplasm
"plasm"= formed or molded |
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Definition
| consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| large organelle that houses most of cells DNA and consists of chromosomes and genes |
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Term
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Definition
| structural model arranged as molecules within the membrane resembling a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it; also transmembrane |
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Term
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Definition
| not as firmly embedded in membrane ; integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| pore or holes through which specific ions can flow into or out of the cell; most are selective |
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Term
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Definition
| selectively moving a polar substance or ion from one side of membrane to other; also referred to as transporters |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as cellular recognition sites that recognize and bind a specific type of molecule often called a ligand |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyze specific chemical membranes of neighboring cells to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| may enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or to recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in the concentration of chemical from one place to another |
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Term
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Definition
| substance moves down its concentration gradient without the requirement of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| considered an active process that uses cellular energy usually in the form of ATP is used to drive the substances against the concentration gradient |
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Term
| Vesicles = little blister or bladder |
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Definition
| tiny, spherical membrane sacs enter and leave cells though in active process |
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Term
Diffusion
"diffus" = spreading |
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Definition
| passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles' kinetic energy |
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Term
| Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion |
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Definition
| solute that moves down it's concentration gradient across cell membrane through a membrane channel |
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Term
| Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion |
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Definition
| solute binds to a specific carrier on one side of membrane and is released on the other side after carrier a change in shape |
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Term
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Definition
| type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low |
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Term
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Definition
| integral membrane proteins that functions as water channel |
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Term
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| a highly selective process whereby cells take up specific ligands, which usually are large molecules or particles, by enveloping them within a sac of plasma membrane. Ligands are eventually broken down by enzymes in lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris, and other foreign matter |
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Term
| Bulk-Phase Endocytosis (Pinocytosis) |
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Definition
| a process by which most body cells can ingest membrane-surrounded droplets of interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved. Also called ICF |
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Term
| Organelles = little organs |
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Definition
| a permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities |
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Term
Chromosome
"chromo" = colored |
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Definition
| a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins, contains thousands of hereditary units (genes) that control most aspects of cellular structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
biological unit of hereditary;
a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome;
a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tTNA |
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Term
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Definition
arrangement of phospholipid, glycolipid, and cholesterol molecules in 2 parallel sheets in which the hydrophilic "heads" face outward and the hydrophobic "tails" face inward;
found in cellular membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that have both a polar and nonpolar parts |
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Term
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Definition
located on the outer part or a surface of the body;
not as firmly embedded in the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the ECF |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat |
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Term
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Definition
| integral proteins that serve as an anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific molecule that binds to that receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| the property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others |
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Term
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Definition
| charge difference across the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in electrical charges between 2 regions |
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Term
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Definition
| combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion |
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Term
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Definition
| passive process in which substance move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins |
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Term
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Definition
an integral membrane protein assists a specific substances across the membrane;
the integral membrane protein can be either a membrane channel or a carrier |
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Term
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Definition
| carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport |
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Term
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
"NA+/K+ ATPase" or "sodium-potassium pump" |
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Definition
| an active transport pump located in the plasma membrane that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell at the expense of cellular ATP. It functions to keep the ionic concentrations of these ions at physiological levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein, which "pumps" a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| energy stored in a NA+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| transporters move two substances in the same direction |
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Term
Antiporters
"anti" = against |
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Definition
| transporters that move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane |
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Term
Endocytosis
"endo" = within |
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Definition
| materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| transport in vesicles may also be used to successively move a substance into, across, and out of a cell |
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