Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Pgs 61-76
The Cellular Level of Organization
49
Anatomy
Not Applicable
02/14/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
forms cell's flexible outer surface separating the cell's internal and external environment
Term
Cytoplasm

"plasm"= formed or molded
Definition
consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Term
Nucleus = nut kernel
Definition
large organelle that houses most of cells DNA and consists of chromosomes and genes
Term
Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
structural model arranged as molecules within the membrane resembling a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins
Term
Integral Proteins
Definition
extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it; also transmembrane
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Definition
not as firmly embedded in membrane ; integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of membrane
Term
Ion Channels
Definition
pore or holes through which specific ions can flow into or out of the cell; most are selective
Term
Carriers
Definition
selectively moving a polar substance or ion from one side of membrane to other; also referred to as transporters
Term
Receptors
Definition
serve as cellular recognition sites that recognize and bind a specific type of molecule often called a ligand
Term
Enzymes
Definition
catalyze specific chemical membranes of neighboring cells to one another
Term
Cell Identity Membrane
Definition
may enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or to recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
difference in the concentration of chemical from one place to another
Term
Passive Processes
Definition
substance moves down its concentration gradient without the requirement of energy
Term
Active Transport
Definition
considered an active process that uses cellular energy usually in the form of ATP is used to drive the substances against the concentration gradient
Term
Vesicles = little blister or bladder
Definition
tiny, spherical membrane sacs enter and leave cells though in active process
Term
Diffusion

"diffus" = spreading
Definition
passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles' kinetic energy
Term
Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
solute that moves down it's concentration gradient across cell membrane through a membrane channel
Term
Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
solute binds to a specific carrier on one side of membrane and is released on the other side after carrier a change in shape
Term
Osmosis
Definition
type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low
Term
Aquaporins

"aqua" = water
Definition
integral membrane proteins that functions as water channel
Term
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Definition
a highly selective process whereby cells take up specific ligands, which usually are large molecules or particles, by enveloping them within a sac of plasma membrane. Ligands are eventually broken down by enzymes in lysosomes
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
the process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris, and other foreign matter
Term
Bulk-Phase Endocytosis (Pinocytosis)
Definition
a process by which most body cells can ingest membrane-surrounded droplets of interstitial fluid
Term
Cytosol
Definition
Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved. Also called ICF
Term
Organelles = little organs
Definition
a permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities
Term
Chromosome

"chromo" = colored
Definition
a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins, contains thousands of hereditary units (genes) that control most aspects of cellular structure and function
Term
Genes
Definition
biological unit of hereditary;
a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome;
a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tTNA
Term
Lipid Bilayer
Definition
arrangement of phospholipid, glycolipid, and cholesterol molecules in 2 parallel sheets in which the hydrophilic "heads" face outward and the hydrophobic "tails" face inward;
found in cellular membrane
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
molecules that have both a polar and nonpolar parts
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Definition
located on the outer part or a surface of the body;
not as firmly embedded in the membrane
Term
Glycoproteins
Definition
proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the ECF
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat
Term
Linkers
Definition
integral proteins that serve as an anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell
Term
Ligand

"liga" = tied
Definition
a specific molecule that binds to that receptor
Term
Selective Permeability
Definition
the property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others
Term
Membrane Potential
Definition
charge difference across the plasma membrane
Term
Electrical Gradient
Definition
difference in electrical charges between 2 regions
Term
Electrochemical Gradient
Definition
combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
passive process in which substance move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
an integral membrane protein assists a specific substances across the membrane;
the integral membrane protein can be either a membrane channel or a carrier
Term
Pumps
Definition
carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport
Term
Sodium-Potassium ATPase

"NA+/K+ ATPase" or "sodium-potassium pump"
Definition
an active transport pump located in the plasma membrane that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell at the expense of cellular ATP. It functions to keep the ionic concentrations of these ions at physiological levels.
Term
Primary Active Transport
Definition
energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein, which "pumps" a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient
Term
Secondary Active Transport
Definition
energy stored in a NA+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients
Term
Symporters

"sym" = same
Definition
transporters move two substances in the same direction
Term
Antiporters

"anti" = against
Definition
transporters that move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane
Term
Endocytosis

"endo" = within
Definition
materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
Term
Exocytosis

"exo" = out
Definition
materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell
Term
Transcytosis
Definition
transport in vesicles may also be used to successively move a substance into, across, and out of a cell
Supporting users have an ad free experience!