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Peripheral Nervous System
Test # 3 - CNS, PNS, ANS
116
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/03/2012

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Term
What is the PNS?
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System - all structures outside of the brain and spinal cord. Sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings.
Term
What are sensory receptors?
Definition
Structures that are specialized to respon to stimuli.
Term
Activation of _____ ______ results in the ________ that trigger impulses to the CNS.
Definition
sensory receptors & depolarizations.
Term
______ - Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch.
Definition
Mechanoreceptors
Term
Thermoreceptors...
Definition
Sensitive to changes in temperature.
Term
Photoreceptors....
Definition
Respond to light energy. (retina)
Term
Chemoreceptors...
Definition
Respond to chemcials like smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)
Term
_______ - sensitive to pain-causing stimuli.
Definition
Nociceptors
Term
Receptors classified by LOCATION
Definition
Exteroceptors - OUTSIDE the body
Interoceptors - INSIDE the body
Propioceptors - INSIDE the body
Term
Exteroceptors are found where?
Definition
Near the body surface.
Term
Exteroceptors are sensitive to...
Definition
1.)touch
2.)pressure
3.)pain
4.)temperature
INCLUDE SPECIAL SENSE ORGANS.
Term
Interoceptors are found where?
Definition
Internal viscera and blood vessels.
Term
Interceptors are sensitive to...
Definition
1.)chemical changes
2.)stretch
3.)temperature changes
Term
Propioceptors are sensitive to...
Definition
STRETCH! The degree of stretch of the organs they occupy.
Term
Propioceptors are found where?
Definition
Skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings or bones and muscles.
Term
Which receptor advises the brain of one's movements?
Definition
Propioreceptors.
Term
Receptors classified by STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
Definition
Simple
Complex
Term
What are most receptors?
Definition
Simple.
Term
What are complex receptors?
Definition
Special sense organs like the eyes or ears.
Term
Are simple receptors unencapsulated or encapsulated?
Definition
BOTH!
Term
Simple Unencapsulated receptors have what kind of nerve endings?
Definition
Free dendritic nerve endings.
Term
What do simple unencapsulated receptors respond to?
Definition
Temperature and pain.
Term
What is an example of a simple unencapsulated receptor?
Definition
Merkel discs or hair follicle receptors.
Term
Meissner Corpuscles are what kind of receptor and are found where?
Definition
Encapsulated. Skin.
Term
Pacinian Corpuscles are what kind of receptor and found where?
Definition
Encapsulated. Skin. Vibrational Stimuli.
Term
Golgi Tendon are what kind of receptor, what is their function?
Definition
Encapsulated. When activated, muscles relax.
Term
Ruffin's Corpuscles are found where and what is their function?
Definition
Encapsulated. Found in dermis. Respond to deep, continuous pressure.
Term
Muscle Spindles are found where and what is their functionm?
Definition
Encapsulated. Found in skeletal muscle. Detect stretch.
Term
Joint kinesthetic are found where and what is their fnction?
Definition
Encapsulated. Found in joint capsules and synovial joints. Detect stretch and movement.
Term
What is the somatosensory system?
Definition
The part of the sensory system serving the body wall and limbs that receives impulses from exteroceptors, propioceptors and interoceptors.
Term
What are the 3 main levels of neural integration?
Definition
1.)Receptor - sensor receptors
2.)Circuit - ascending pathways
3.)Perceptual - neuronal circuits in cerebral cortex.
Term
For a sensation to occur...
Definition
a stimulus must excite a receptor and action potentials must reach the CNS.
Term
The stimulus must match the ______ of the receptor.
Definition
specificity. Ex: touch receptors are not sensitive to light.
Term
The stimulus must be applied within a receptors ______ ______.
Definition
receptive field - the particular area monitored by the receptor.
Term
The stimulus energy must be great enough to be _______ into a ______ _______.
Definition
transducted & graded potential. Thus creating an action potential. IPSP and EPSP.
Term
A ______ potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach ______.
Definition
generator & threshold.
Term
SO, if a stimulus summates...
Definition
A generator potential is formed.
Term
How is strength of a stimulus coded?
Definition
Frequency!
Term
What are phasic receptors?
Definition
Phasic - fast adapting receptors that often give bursts of impulses at the beginning or end of a stimulus. EX: pacinian corpuscle
Term
What are tonic receptors?
Definition
provide a sustained response with little to no adaptation.
Term
What is adaptation?
Definition
a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.
Term
What is the goal of processing at the circuit level?
Definition
to deliver impulses to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex for stimulus localization and perception.
Term
What connects receptor processing to circuit level processing?
Definition
First-order neurons.
Term
What types of senses are sent along the ascending specific pathway?
Definition
Discrimatory ex: touch, vibration, pressure.
Term
What types of senses are sent along the ascending non-specific pathway?
Definition
Nondiscrimatory ex: pain, temp, touch, and emotion aspect of sense.
Term
Where does interpretation of sensory input occur?
Definition
Cerebral cortex.
Term
What is perceptual detection?
Definition
the ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred. This is the simplest level of perception.
Term
What is magnitude estimation?
Definition
the ability to detect how intense the stimulus is.
Term
What is spatial discrimination?
Definition
Allows us to identify the site or pattern of stimulation.
Term
What is the 2-point discrimination test?
Definition
Determines how close together two points on the skin can be and still be perceieved as 2 points rather than 1.
Term
What is feature abstraction?
Definition
The mechanism by which a neruon or circuit is tuned to one feature in preference to others. Meaning, there is more than one feature to describe an object.
Term
What is quality discrimination?
Definition
The ability to differentiate the qualities of a particular sensation.
Term
What is pattern recognition?
Definition
The ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance to us.
Term
Stimulus -> Circuit -> Perception

Temp Delivered Specific
Pressure as AP location on
Pain cortex
determines
type of
stimulus.
Definition
Term
What is a nerve?
Definition
A cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissues.
Term
What are the three types of connective tissue in the PNS?
Definition
1.)Endoneurium
2.)Perineurium
3.)Epineurium
Term
Which connective tissue covers axons?
Definition
Endoneurium
Term
Which connective tissue bundles fibers into fasicles?
Definition
Perineurium.
Term
Which connective tissue is the tough fibrous sheath around a nerve?
Definition
Epineurium.
Term
Nerves can be _______, _______, or ________. Most are mixed.
Definition
Sensory, Motor, Mixed.
Term
What are ganglia?
Definition
collections of neurons cell bodies associated with nerves in the PNS.
Term
Sensory neurons in the PNS are...
Definition
afferent nerve ganglia
Term
Autonomic motor neurons in the PNS are...
Definition
efferent nerve ganglia.
Term
How many cranial nerves are there and how are they identified?
Definition
12, by name and number.
Term
Which cranial nerves have SENSORY functions?
Definition
I.Olfactory
II. Optic
V. Trigerminal
VII. Facial
VIII. Veribulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
Term
Which cranial nerves have MOTOR function?
Definition
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
Term
Which cranial nerves have PARASYMPATHETIC fibers?
Definition
III.Oculomotor
VII. Facial
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
Term
What is nerve I and what sense does is control?
Definition
Olfactory. Smell.
Term
What is nerve II and what sense does it control?
Definition
Optic. Sight.
Term
What is nerve X and what sense does it control?
Definition
Vagus. Taste.
Term
How many spinal nerves are located in the cervical section of the spine?
Definition
8 C1-C8
Term
How many spinal nerves are located in the thoracic section?
Definition
12 T1-T12
Term
How many spinal nerves are located in the lumbar section?
Definition
5 L1-L5
Term
How many spinal nerves are located in the sacral section?
Definition
5 S1-S5
Term
How many spinal nerves are located in the coccygeal section?
Definition
1 C0
Term
How do spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord?
Definition
2 medial roots.
Term
Each root forms a series of ______ that attach to the spinal cord.
Definition
Rootlets.
Term
Ventral roots arise from ____ horn and contain _______ fibers.
Definition
anterior & motor
Term
Dorsal roots arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal _____ _______ and contain _______ fibers.
Definition
root ganglion & sensory
Term
What is a rami?
Definition
A branching of the spinal nerve.
Term
What types of rami does the spinal nerve divide into?
Definition
1.) small dorsal rami
2.) lg ventral rami
3.) tiny meningeal branch
Term
What does the meningeal branch do?
Definition
innervates the meninges and blood vessels.
Term
Where are the rami communicantes and what is their function?
Definition
Base of the ventral rami in the throax. Autonomic hwy btwn spinal nerve and chain ganglion.
Term
What are nerve plexuses?
Definition
Formed ONLY by ventral rami except for T1-T12. They are interlaced nerve networks.
Term
Where are nerve plexuses found?
Definition
Cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral region.
Term
What is the result of branched nerve plexuses?
Definition
1.) Each results in a branch of a plexus that contains fibers from many different spinal nerves.
2.)Fibers travel to the periphery from several different routes.
Term
Does each muscle receive a nerve supply from one spinal nerve or multiple?
Definition
Multiple.
Term
When damage is done to one part of a spinal segment, does it completely paralyze a muscle?
Definition
No!
Term
How is the back innervated?
Definition
By dorsal rami via several branches.
Term
How is the thorax innervated?
Definition
By ventral rami t1-t12 as intercostal nerves.
Term
What are the nerves of the cervical plexus?
Definition
c1-c4.
Term
What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus?
Definition
The phrenic nerve which is a major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm.
Term
What are the nerves of the brachial plexus?
Definition
c5-c8 and t1
Term
What are the four major branches of this plexus?
Definition
Roots - five ventral rami C5-T1
Trunks - upper, middle and lower
Divisions - anterior and posterior
Cords - lateral, medial and posterior
Term
What does the axillary nerve do?
Definition
Innervates the deltoid and teres minor.
Term
What does the musculocutaneous nerve do?
Definition
Sends fibers to the biceps brachii and brachialis
Term
what does the median nerve do?
Definition
Branches to most of the flexor muscles of the arm.
Term
What does the ulnar nerve do?
Definition
supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus
Term
What does the radial nerve do?
Definition
Innervates essentially all extensor muscles.
Term
What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus?
Definition
L1-L4.
Term
What does the lumbar plexus innervate?
Definition
the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle.
Term
What are the major nerves of the lumbar plexus?
Definition
Fermoral and Obturator.
Term
What are the nerves of the sacral plexus?
Definition
L4-S4.
Term
What does the sacral plexus innervate?
Definition
The buttox, lower limbs, pelvic structures, and the perineum.
Term
What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus?
Definition
The sciatic nerve. Longest and thickest in the body.
Term
What is a dermatome?
Definition
The area of the skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve.
Term
What nerves participate in dermatomes?
Definition
All but C1.
Term
What are the three levels of motor/efferent hierarchy of the PNS?
Definition
1.) Segmental
2.) Projection
3.) Precommand
Term
What does the segmental level consist of?
Definition
Spinal cord circuits.
Term
What's does the segmental level do?
Definition
Receives a signal from sensory neuron.
Activates ventral horn to stimulate muscle.
Receives signals from projection levels to be sent out for motor activities.
Activates ventral horn neurons to stimulate muscle.
Term
What does projection level consist of?
Definition
Upper motor neurons of the motor cortex that initiate the direct (pyramidal) system, and of the brain stem motor nuclei which oversees indirect system.
Term
What does the projection level do?
Definition
Receives signals from precommand level. Conveys instructions to spinal cord neurons and send a copy of that information to higher levels.
Term
What does the precommand level consist of?
Definition
The cerebellum and basal nuclei.
Term
What does the cerebellum do in the precommand level?
Definition
provides status feedback on muscular activities.
Term
What does the basal nuclei do in the precommand level?
Definition
receives input and transmits to projection level to be sent to segmented area.
Term
What does the precommand level do?
Definition
Programs instructions that are modified by the feed back sent to it by the projection level.
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