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Perineum
N/A
75
Anatomy
Graduate
01/29/2012

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Term
The perineum is defined as the region of the trunk inferior to what structure?
Definition
Pelvic diaphragm
Term
What are the general contents of the perineum?
Definition
External genitalia, external openings of the urogenital and gastrointestinal systems
Term
THe perineum is subdivided into the urogenital triangle and anal triangle by connecting a line between what landmarks?
Definition
Ischial tuberosities
Term
How are the planes of the anal triangle and urogenital triangle oriented when in anatomical position?
Definition
Posteroinferiorly and horizontally respectively
Term
What are the layers of the urogenital triangle?
Definition
Skin, superficial perineal fascia, inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, urogenital diaphragm, superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
Term
What constitutes the superficial perineal fascia of the urogenital triangle?
Definition
A fatty layer continuous with Camper's fascia and a membranous layer known as Colle's fascia that is continuous with Darto's fascia of the male genitals, Scarpa's fascia, and attaches to fascia lata distal tot he inguinal ligament
Term
The space between Colle's facia and the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is known as what?
Definition
Superficial perineal space
Term
The space between the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is known as what?
Definition
Deep perineal space
Term
What are the contents of the superficial perineal space in males?
Definition
Root of the penis, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, branches of internal pudendal artery/vein, perineal branch of pudendal nerve
Term
What forms the root of the penis?
Definition
Two crura and bulb
Term
The two crura of the root of the penis are the proximal parts of what structure?
Definition
Corpora cavernosa
Term
The bulb of the root of the penis is the proximal part of what structure?
Definition
Corpus spongiosum
Term
The free part of the penis suspended from the pubic symphysis is known as what?
Definition
The body
Term
The expanded head of the corpus spongiosum over the distal ends of the corpora cavernosa is known as what?
Definition
Glans penis
Term
The body of the penis is formed by what two structures that are fused above the corpus spongiosum?
Definition
Corpora cavernosa
Term
What artery is found within each corpus cavernosum?
Definition
Deep artery of the penis
Term
The primary structure found within the corpus spongiosum is what?
Definition
Spongy urethra
Term
The superficial fascia of the body of the penis is known as what?
Definition
Dartos fascia
Term
The deep fascia of the body of the penis is known as what?
Definition
Buck's fascia
Term
What vein is found in the superficial fascia of the body of the penis?
Definition
Superficial dorsal vein of the penis
Term
What artery, vein, and nerve is found deep to the deep fascia of the penis?
Definition
Deep dorsal vein, dorsal artery, dorsal nerve of the penis
Term
What are the muscle sof the superficial perineal pouch in males?
Definition
Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, and superficial transverse perineal muscles
Term
What muscle covers the crura of the penis?
Definition
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Term
What muscle covers the bulb of the penis and the proximal corpus spongiosum?
Definition
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Term
What are the contents of the superficial perineal space in females?
Definition
Clitoris, bulb of the vestibule, greater vestibular grlands, Bartholin's glands, Bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, part of urethra, branches of internal pudendal artery/vein, perineal branch of pudendal nerve
Term
The crura of the cliteris (root) are the proximal attached parts of what structure?
Definition
Corpora cavernosa
Term
The bulbs of the vestibule in the female correspond to what structure in the male?
Definition
Proximal corpus spongiosum
Term
The bulbs of the vestiuble overlaps what stricture in the female superficial perineal space?
Definition
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands)
Term
The ischiocavernosus muscle covers what structure in the female superficial perineal pouch?
Definition
Crura of the clitoris
Term
The bulbospongiosus muscle covers what structures in the female superficial perineal pouch?
Definition
Bulbs of the vestibule
Term
What thick fascial sheet separates the superficial and deep perineal spaces?
Definition
Perineal membrane
Term
Another name for the perineal membrane is what?
Definition
Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
Term
The inferior surface of the perineal membrane provides attachment for what?
Definition
External genitalia
Term
What are the contents of the deep perineal space in males?
Definition
Membranous urethra, urogenital diaphragm, branches of the internal pudendal artery/vein, dorsal nerve of the penis, bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
Term
What provides voluntary control of micturition in males and females?
Definition
External urethra sphincter (around the membranous part of the urethra in males)
Term
What are contents of the deep perineal space in females?
Definition
Part of the urethra and vagina, urogenital diaphragm, branches of the internal pudendal artery/vein, dosral nerve of the clitoris
Term
What closes the urethra in females?
Definition
Sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae, external urethral sphincter
Term
What structure is analogous in males to the perineal body of females?
Definition
Central tendon of the perineum
Term
The perineal body in females and central tendon of the perineum in males travels between what two structures?
Definition
Acts as midline between the anal canal and vagina/bulb of penis
Term
What muscles attach to the perineal body in females and the central tendon of the perineum in males?
Definition
Bulbospongiosus, external anal sphincter, superficial and deep trasnverse perineal muscles, muscle slips from external urethral sphincter, levator ani, rectal wall
Term
What may occur if the perineal body in females is overstretched or torn during childbirth?
Definition
Uterus, bladder, or rectum may prolapse into the vagina
Term
A surgical incision of the perineal body during childbirth in order to prevent jagged tears is called what?
Definition
Median epiotomy
Term
Where does the anal canal begin?
Definition
Anorectal junction
Term
What forms a sling around the digestive tube that pulls it forward at the anorectal junction?
Definition
Puborectalis portion of the levator ani muscle
Term
What fossa is located on either side of the anal canal in the anal triangle?
Definition
Ischioanal fossae
Term
How might an infection of an ischioanal fossa present itself?
Definition
Fullness or tenderness between the anus and ischial tuberosity
Term
What divides the anal canal into an upper portion?
Definition
Pectinate line
Term
What innervates the anal canal above the pextinate line?
Definition
Painless GVA fibers traveling with parasympathetic fibers to S2-4 dorsal ganglia, motor from inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
What provides circulation to the anal canal above the pectinate line? What drains lymph from the area?
Definition
Superior rectal artery, superior rectal vein, internal iliac lymph nodes
Term
Enlarged submucosal rectal veins with potential for rectal bleeding are known as what?
Definition
Hemorrhoids
Term
What are the consequences of prolapse of a hemorrhoid through the the anal aperture?
Definition
Strangulation and ulceration via anal sphincters
Term
Though hemorrhoids may result from pregnancy, constipation, or straining at the stool, it may also be a sign of what circulatory dysfunction?
Definition
Portal hypertension
Term
Smooth muscle makes up what part of the anal canal? How is it innervated?
Definition
Internal anal sphincter via sympathetic nerves
Term
Skeletal muscle makes up what part of the anal canal? How is it innervated?
Definition
External anal sphincter via inferior rectal nerves
Term
What relaxes the interior anal sphincter for defecation?
Definition
Parasympathetic fibers
Term
What relaxes the puborectalis?
Definition
S4 and pudendal nerves (S2-4)
Term
What is the major somatic nerve supplying the perineum?
Definition
Pudendal nerve
Term
The pudendal nerve leaves the pelvis through what space?
Definition
Greater sciatic foramen
Term
The pudendal nerve enters the perineum through what space?
Definition
Lesser sciatic foramen alongside the internal pudendal artery/vein
Term
What are the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve?
Definition
Inferior rectal nerves, perineal nerve, dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris
Term
The inferior rectal nerves provide innervation to what structures?
Definition
Motor to external anal sphincter, sensory to skin of anal triangle
Term
The perineal nerve provides innervation to what structures?
Definition
Motor to muscles in urogenital triangle, sensory to skin on posterior surface of scrotum/labia majora as posterior scortal or labial nerves
Term
A pudendal block provides anesthesia over what parts of the body?
Definition
S2-4 dermatomes, lower 1/4 of vagina
Term
A pudendal block may be performed to relieve the pain of childbirth as the pudendal nerve crosses at what points?
Definition
Attachment of the sacrospinous ligament to the spine of the ischium
Term
What is the bony landmark and needle insertion point using the transvaginal method of performing a pudendal block?
Definition
Ischial spine, inserted through sacrospinous ligament
Term
What is the bony landmark and needle insertion point using the perineal method of performing a pudendal block?
Definition
Ischial tuberosity, inserted through th ebuttock and medial to the ischial tuberosity
Term
Where does lymph primarily drain to from the perineum?
Definition
Superficial and deep lymph nodes, though exceptions exist
Term
The testis drain lymph to what nodes?
Definition
Lateral aortic (para-aortic or lumbar) nodes
Term
Lymph that follows the round ligament of the uterus to the labium majis drains to what?
Definition
Superficial inguinal nodes
Term
An epiostomy is performed by incising what structures?
Definition
Through perineal skin and bulbospongiosus and transversus perineal muscles in a mediolateral direction
Term
Pelvic sympathetic innervation causes contraction of what smooth muscles during ejaculation in males?
Definition
Ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate
Term
Pelvic sympathetic innervation contracts what muscle to prevent emptying of the urinary bladder and reflex of semen into the bladder during ejaculation?
Definition
Internal urethral sphincter
Term
What causes vasodilation in erectile bodies to produce an erection?
Definition
Pelvic parasympathetic innervation
Term
Labia majora unite anteriorly to form what?
Definition
Mons pubis
Term
The labia minora anteriorly bifurcate with the folds uniting to form what?
Definition
Frenulum and prepuce of clitoris? Posteriorly unites at fourchette
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