Term
|
Definition
-Remains of thymus
-Heart and pericardium
-Large blood vessels
-Trachea
-Esophagus
-Thoracic duct
-Lymph nodes
-Vagus and phrenic nn.
-Sympathetic trunk
•The mediastinum and the laterally placed pleurae and lungs make up the thoracic cavity
|
|
|
Term
Boundaries of Mediastinum
|
|
Definition
•Extends superiorly to the thoracic inlet or root of the neck
•Inferiorly to the diaphragm
•Anteriorly to the sternum
•Posteriorly to 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
•Medial thoracic area between pleurae and lungs
|
|
|
Term
2 divisions of Mediastinum
|
|
Definition
•Superior Mediastinum
•Inferior Mediastinum
•Anterior mediastinum
•Middle mediastinum
•Posterior mediastinum
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Restricts excessive heart movement
-Acts as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Outer layer of pericardium
•strong fibrous structure
•Firmly attached below
•to central tendon of diaphragm
•Fuses with outer coat of great blood vessels
•Aorta
•Pulmonary trunk
•Superior and inferior venae cavae
•Pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Contains parietal and visceral layers
•Parietal layer
•Lines the fibrous pericardium
•reflects around roots of great vessels,
•becomes continuous with the visceral layer
•Visceral layer
•Closely adhered to the heart
•Also called the epicardium
|
|
|
Term
Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium is the __________.
|
|
Definition
Pericardial cavity
•Contains a small film of serous (tissue) fluid
•called pericardial fluid
•acts as a lubricant to facilitate movement of the heart |
|
|
Term
The pericardium lies in the middle mediastinum posterior to the sternum from the _____-_____costal cartilage.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pericardium is composed of ______ and ______ pericardium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac enclosing what?
|
|
Definition
The heart and the roots of the great vessels |
|
|
Term
The ________ pericardium is the outer layer of pericardium, which is a strong fibrous structure
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The fibrous pericardium is firmly attached below to the central tendon of the ___________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The fibrous pericardium fuses with outer coat of great blood vessels which includes:
|
|
Definition
•Aorta
•Pulmonary trunk
•Superior and inferior venae cavae
•Pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
The serous pericardium contains _____ and______ layers.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The parietal layer of the serous pericardium lines the ________ pericardium, reflects around ________ of great vessels, and becomes continuous with the ________ layer.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is closely adhered to the __________, this layer is also called the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epicardium (FYI)
A good way to visualize the epicardium (visceral layer) is by recognizing that this layer has a lot of fat (yellow appearance), if you see a fatty looking layer, you know this is the epicardium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The pericardial cavity of the pericardium has a potential space between the _______ and ________ layer.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The pericardial cavity of the pericardium contains a small film of serous (tissue) fluid called _________ fluid, which acts as a lubricant to facilitate movement of the _______.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two pericardial sinuses, these are the _______ sinus and _______ sinus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The oblique sinus is a recess on the ________ surface of the heart, it is formed by _____________.
|
|
Definition
posterior
the serous pericardium reflected around the large veins
|
|
|
Term
The transverse sinus is on the posterior surface of heart and is a short passage between the reflection of ____________________ and the reflection around the _____________.
|
|
Definition
serous pericardium around the aorta and pulmonary trunk
large veins |
|
|
Term
What is the clinical significance of the transverse sinus?
|
|
Definition
•Cardiac surgeon can pass fingers through the transverse sinus posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk
•It is a good place to clamp or place ligature for inserting tubes for coronary bypass machine |
|
|
Term
Superior vena cavae passes into the __________ carries venous blood from ________________.
|
|
Definition
right atrium
head and neck and both upper limbs
|
|
|
Term
The superior vena cava sits to the right of the _________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The left and right Brachiocephalic veins are formed at root of neck by ___________ and ____________.
|
|
Definition
| internal jugular v. and subclavian v. |
|
|
Term
The left and right brachiocephalic veins merge to form the _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three large veins of the thorax are: |
|
Definition
azygos v.
hemiazygous v. (inferior hemiazygous v.)
accessory hemiazygous v. (superior hemiazygous v.)
|
|
|
Term
The Azygos v. ascends on ________ side of vertebral column and enters the thorax from abdomen via the ______ hiatus.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The azygous v. arches over root of _______ lung and makes and impression on this lung.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The azygous v. empties into the ___________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The eight lower intercostal vv. and right superior (highest) intercostal v. are branches off of the _______ vein.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemiazygos v. is also called the inferior hemiazygos v. and ascends on __________ side of vertebral column and
joins azygos v. around ________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
•Accessory hemiazygos v., also called superior hemiazygos v., is located on the ________ of the vertebral colum.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The accessory hemiazygous v. joins _________ superiorly and joins the ___________ inferiorly. |
|
Definition
left superior intercostal vein
hemiazygos vein |
|
|
Term
Smaller branches of veins of the thorax include the:
|
|
Definition
-vertebral v. (runs with vertebral a. in transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae)
-Inferior thyroid v.
-Left and right highest (superior) intercostal vv. |
|
|
Term
The ascending portion of the aorta is in the __________.
The aorta is a large ______ of the thorax.
|
|
Definition
middle mediastinum
artery
|
|
|
Term
The branches off the Aortic arch are:
|
|
Definition
•Brachiocephalic trunk - located on right side of aorta only
•Right subclavian a.
•Right common carotid a.
•Left common carotid a.
•Left subclavian a. |
|
|
Term
| The brachiocephalic trunk off of the aorta is only located on the _______ side of body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Descending portion of the aorta is in the ________ mediastinum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulmonary trunk sits to the ______ of the ascending aorta and leaves the ______ ventricle.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The pulmonary trunk runs upward, backward, and slightly to the _________. It divides into the right and left ___________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of ____________. |
|
Definition
the ductus arteriosus in embryo.
|
|
|
Term
| The ligamentum arteriosum is a good landmark to use to find and identify the ________________ nerve. |
|
Definition
| left recurrent pharyngeal |
|
|
Term
The epicardium is layer of the heart wall. It is a _______ layer (serous pericardium) and is often very _______.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The myocardium forms the bulk of the heart and is primarily _________ muscle.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the heart wall, the layer of contraction is the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The endocardium lines the ___________ and covers the valves (glistens). This layer of the heart is a sheet of endothelium (squamous epithelium). This layer is continuous with ______________.
|
|
Definition
heart chambers
the endothelium of blood vessels
|
|
|
Term
The __________surface is formed mainly by right atrium and right ventricle and the left border formed by ____________.
|
|
Definition
Sternocostal (anterior)
left ventricle |
|
|
Term
Diaphragmatic surface is formed by _____________, also also the inferior surface of the _________.
|
|
Definition
right and left ventricles
right atrium |
|
|
Term
The base of the heart (posterior surface) is formed mainly by the _________ where the four pulmonary veins emerge.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The heart does not rest on its base, it rests on the _________ surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The apex of the heart is formed by the _________. The apex is directed downward, forward and to the _____.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At level of left ____ intercostal space, 3 1/2 inches from the midline is the site of apex _________.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anterior interventricular groove (sulcus) is a furrow between the ____________. This sulcus is located on the _________ surface.
|
|
Definition
right and left ventricles
sternocostal |
|
|
Term
The anterior interventricular groove contains the__________.
|
|
Definition
anterior interventricular artery (AKA left anterior descending artery, LAD) and vein (this vein is referred to as the great cardiac v. in Netter's)
|
|
|
Term
The _________ groove is at the junction of the atria and ventricles.
|
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) |
|
|
Term
| The Atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) contains__________. |
|
Definition
| Right and left coronary arteries, coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
Posterior interventricular groove (sulcus) is between the _________ on the ________ surface.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The posterior interventricular groove contains the _________ which runs with the middle cardiac vein that is also in the groove.
|
|
Definition
| posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery (posterior descending artery) |
|
|
Term
The right border of the heart which is important when viewing radiography is the _________.
The Left border of the heart is the ______ and _________.
|
|
Definition
right atrium
left auricle (small amount)
the left ventricle which is below the left auricle.
|
|
|
Term
The lower border of the heart which can be view in radiography is formed mainly by the _________ and also part of the ________ and the ___________ . |
|
Definition
right ventricle
right atrium
apex by the left ventricle |
|
|
