Term
| What are the 3 main categories of pericardial pathologies |
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Definition
| Hydropericardium, haemopericardium, pericarditis |
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Term
| What are the three main types and the 3 lesser types of pericarditis |
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Definition
| Main: Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent. Lesser: Sanginous, Adhesive, Constrictive |
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Term
| What are the key features of hydropericardium |
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Definition
| Sterile, clear or straw coloured fluid, no inflam cells, may contain fibrin or fibrinogen, serosal surface is smooth and glistening |
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Term
| How does hydropericardium appear |
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Definition
| Fluid in the pericardial sac, clear to straw coloured fluid, serosal surfaces are smooth and glistening |
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Term
| What are the main causes of hydropericardium |
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Definition
| Anything which causes oedema, any pathology which damages the integrity of capillaries and blood vessesls (fever, septicaemia etc), anaemias, toxaemias, |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood found in the pericardial sac without any inflammatory processes occuring |
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Term
| What is a good way of breaking up the three main pericardial pathologies |
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Definition
| Plasma - hydro, RBC - haemo, WBC - pericarditis |
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Term
| What species do we often see haemopericardium |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of haemopericardium in dogs |
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Definition
| Idiopathic - trick question |
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Term
| How do you treat haemopericarditis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the prognosis for treatment of haemopericardium by pericardiocentesis |
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Definition
| Good, it may resolve or it may recur |
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Term
| What two other conditions is haemopericardium associated with |
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Definition
| Heart base tumours and haemangiosarcomas |
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Term
| What are the 3 main and 3 lesser types of pericarditis |
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Definition
| Main: Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent. Lesser: Sanginous, Adhesive and constrictive |
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Term
| How are pericarditis usually named |
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Definition
| Rarely by the aetiology, usually by the pathology |
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Term
| What is the key feature of a pericarditis |
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Definition
| Infection and inflammation |
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Term
| What are the typical routes of infection in a pericarditis |
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Definition
| Vascular system, lymph system, traumatic penetration, invasion from surrounding tissues, lesions of the myocardium |
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Term
| What are the key features of serous pericarditis |
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Definition
| High cell count in fluid in the pericardial sac, maybe micro-organisms present |
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Term
| Serous pericarditis is uncommon in all species except |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the typical causative agent of serous pericarditis in dogs |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
| What is fibrinous pericarditis |
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Definition
| When fibrin deposits are formed in the pericardium and adhere the two sides of the pericardium to each other |
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Term
| What is the appearance of fibrinous pericarditis |
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Definition
| Wet and shiny appearance is lost, layers adhered together but readily pulled apart |
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Term
| How common is fibrinous pericarditis |
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Definition
| It is the most common form of pericarditis |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of fibrinous pericarditis |
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Definition
| Septicaemia associated with pyrexia and malaise, other fibrinous conditions where fibrin is found on other serosal surfaces such as the joints and peritoneum |
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Term
| What are the three outcomes of fibrinous pericarditis |
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Definition
| Temporary, Permanent focal and permanent diffuse |
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Term
| What happens when fibrinous pericarditis is temporary |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when fibrinous pericarditis is permanent focal |
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Definition
| CO is unaffected as 2 layers can still move relative to each other. Usually an incidental finding |
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Term
| What is the outcome of permanent diffuse fibrinous pericarditis |
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Definition
| Obliteration of the pericardial sac. CO reduced due to restricted movement of the heart |
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Term
| How does purulent pericarditis usually develop |
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Definition
| Starts with fibrinous pericarditis and develops into purulent with the presence of pyogenic bacteria |
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Term
| What is the outcome of purulent pericarditis |
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Definition
| Eventual separation of the two layers and thickening of the pericardial membranes with constriction of the heart due to fluid and the membranes |
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Term
| What is the main cause of purulent pericarditis |
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Definition
| traumatic reticulopericarditis, penetration of the reticulum by a foreign body in cattle |
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Term
| What is the common term used for purulent pericarditis |
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Definition
| Bread and butter pericarditis |
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Term
| What is one of the common bacteria associated with purulent pericarditis is cattle |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 common routes of bacterial invasion in purulent pericarditis in cattle |
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Definition
| traumatic reticulopericarditis or spread from the mediastinum |
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Term
| What associated lesions are found in purulent pericarditis in cattle |
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Definition
| Lesions associated with the trauma: diaphragm, ventral tip of the liver, mediastinum and foreign body tract |
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Term
| What is the prognosis for purulent pericarditis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is usually the end result of purulent pericarditis |
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Definition
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