• born in massachusetts
• decendent of Quincy Family
• married John Adams in 1764
• Mother of John Quincy Adams
• raised children and and ran farm while husband traveled as a circuit judge
• Shared views with her husband on political matters
• famously requested that the framers of Constitution would "remember the ladies," telling her husband that "all men would be tyrants if they could"
• Also said that there was a need for Alien and Sedition Acts

• born in Massachusetts
• second cousin of Samuel Adams
• graduated from Harvard and started his law practice
• defining moment: was when young watching James Otis' courtroom challenge of British writs of assistance, which was based on natural rights theory.
• Speech filled Adams with want of liberty
• took unpopular stands, like defending British soldiers acussed in the Boston Massacre
• "Facts are stubborn things"
• drafted Massachusetts Constitution and Declaration of Rights
• served in Continental Congress, leading advocate of independence
• seconded the Lee Resolution and served on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
• He signed teh Treaty of Paris with Benjamin Flanklin and John Jay
• Urged James Madison to add bill of rights
• first Vice President, second president of U.S in 1796
• kept U.S. out of war with france, but signed the controversial and probably unconstitutional Alien and Sedition Acts to do so
• signed the Judiciary Act of 1801
• died 50 yrs to the day after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence

• Became sixth president in 1834 with John C. Calhoun as V.P. 6 months after dad died
• also studied in Harvard and did law practice
• served as minister to Netherlands and Prussia
• elected to congress in 1803
• served Secretary of State under James Monroe; helped draft monroe doctorine
• since Henry clay also running,gave support to Adams, he appointed him as Secretary of State
• adams faced hostility in Congress because of what many perceived as a "corrupt bargain"
• Andrew Jackson defeated adams in 1828
• Adams best contribution came after presidency
• defenders African passengers of the Spanish slave ship Amistad, arguing that they should be sent home free and not sent back to spain as slaves
• elected to house of Representatives
• against slavery

• During in 1760s became a leader of Patriot resistance to the British govts. attempts to tax the colonies
• organized Sons of Liberty with James Otis and John Hancock
• took lead in resisting Stamp Act and Townshed Duties
• In 1772 Adams authored the Rights of the Colonists, appealed to the concepts of the rights of Englishmen and natural rights theory
• organized Boston Tea Party, was pardoned for Boston resistance with Hancock
• After shots in Lexington, began Revolution, were going to arrest men but they escaped capture
• helped write massachusetts constitution and articles of confederation

• at first women's rights convention in 1852, declared voting as a right to women
• in 1869, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Lucy Stone founded the National Woman Suffrage Association
• She and Stanton published a newspaper, "The Revolution"
• after trying to to test the meaning of the 14th amend. by voting, she was arrested,imprisoned, tried, and found guilty for voting
• in 1892 she became second president of Nation American Woman Suffrage Association, which was merged with NWSA

• Appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Pres. FDR. in 1937
• known for his "strict constructionist" reading of the Constitution
• took the position that 14th amend. required the incorporation of all the Bill of Rights protections to state govts. known as "total incorporation"
• argued that govt can't ban "obscene speech"
• held in New York Times v. United States (1971) that national security didn't allow the govt. to prevent the publication of sensitive information
• upheld strict separation of church and state

• English Jurist, first Vinerian professor of law at Oxford and Solictor General to the Queen
• Before he authored Commentares on the Laws of England widely regarded as the most complete doc. on English Law
• Supreme Court references his writing as a source for knowing the purpose of the Founders when interpreting the Constitution

• practiced law in Nebraska in 1887
• first Democrat elected from Nebraska to the House of Rep.
• lost bid for Senate in 1894, became editor of Democratic newspaper, the Omaha World-Herald
• advocate of "Free Silver" policy, gave "Cross of Gold" speech at 1896 Democatic National Convention
• lost election for presidency 3 times, taking progressive and anti-imperialist stances
• became Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, but resigned after 2 years because of WWI
• worked to secure prohibition and women's suffrage
• argued for literal interpretation of Bible instead of teaching evolution agains Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial

• after attending Yale, practiced law
• was elected to state legislature and later to the house of rep.
• was VP twice, with John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
• in 1832  he resigned and was elected to the House of Senate
• favored slavery and its expansion
• he argued that slaves lived better under slavery than as a worker in industrial North
• believed that the states, not the supreme court, could declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

• went from poor to rich
• in 1853 founded the Carnegie Steel Comany under Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• later in life hededicated his life to philanthropy
• used his fortune to found the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endwoment for International Peace, and Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh

• in 1772 Caroll began the political life
• writing under the name "First Citizen," he rallied colonists to resist against tyranny
• elected to Continental Congress in 1776
• because of him there is protection for religious freedom for all Christians, including Catholics.
• was reelected to Continental Congress, but denied, preferring to serve in the state senate from 1781 to 1800
• last surviving signer of Declar. of Ind.

• studied education and law, and became high school principal
• after became superintendent and newspaper reporter, and soon became lecturer for the woman's suffrage
• Succeeded Susan B. Anthony as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900 
• urged Woodrow Wilson to support an amendent to the Constitution securing the right to vote for women
• came up with a strategy to work on suffrage, known as "winning plan" 
• opposed efforts of boycotting Democratic candidates who refused to support suffrage 
• big role in securing 19th amend., after she founded the League of Women Voters and advocated child labor laws

• became farm worker after eighth grade because his father was injured
• founded the National Farm Workers Association, later called United Farm Workers
• the union fought for contracts, safe conditions, higher wages, and job security for union members
• led a nationwide boycott of grapes to increase support for the his union
• Chavez's perseverance brough the lives of migrant workers to national attention

Henry Clay (1777-1852)

• served in the Kentucky state legislature and was elected to the US House of Rep five times, each time as Speaker of the House
• He and John C. Calhoun worked to pass the Tarriff of 1816 to help both N. and S. recover after War of 1812
• became known as the Great Compromiser
• Clay was a slaveowne, but favored emancipation, and return of slaves to Africa
• came up with Missouri Compromise, maintained balance b/w slave and free states
• became Secretary of State after giving support to John Quincy Adams
• ran for president a total of 5 times, lost every time
• helped create Whig Party which opposed the new Democratic Party, which was led by Andrew Jackson
• elected to Senate in 1831, later he helped establish the Compromise of 1850

• after attending Oxford and Yale, he served as Attorney General and then Governor of Arkansas before being elected President in 1992
• led country during period of peace and prosperity.
• his agenda included seeking laws protecting the jobs of people who had to care for ill family members, legislation restricting certain gun sales, and strengthening environmental protection policies
• advocated international free trade, sent forces to Bosnia and Iraq

• lawyer and civil rights advocate
• famously known for defending John T. Scopes in the "Scopes Monkey Trial" against William Jenngings Bryan

• served in both Delaware and Pennsylvania assemblies
• believed to be the author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767-1768) which called for resistance to British policies while urging reconciliation
• wrote America's first patriotic song, "The Liberty Song"
• in 1775, he and Jefferson worte Declaration of the Causes of Taking Up Arms, which was a doc. assuring the King that colonists were not raising an army to establish independence
• helped draft the Articles of Confederation
• served as governor in Delaware and Pennsylvania
• in 1786, he chaired the Annapolis Convention and later headed Delaware's delegation to Constitutional Convention
• known as "Penman of the Revolution"

• in the 1830s and 1840s he served in various Illinois offices
• emerged as a leader of Democratic Party
• represented Illinois in House of Rep from 1843-47 and in Senate from 1847 till death
• favored westward expansion and the compromise of 1850
• belived in "popular sovereignty" 
• proposes the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
• ran for reelection to the senate against Abraham Lincoln and won, debates were calle the Lincoln-Douglas debates
• died when shots were fired on Fort Sumter