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Pectoral Region
Breast and Muscles of Pectoral Region
18
Anatomy
Professional
12/27/2011

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Cards

Term
What is the pectoral region and what does it consist of?
Definition

Region external to anterior thoracic wall and anchors the upper limb to trunk

 

Includes superifical compartment containing skin, superficial fascia, breasts and deep compartment containing muscles and associated structure

Term
Where do the nerves, vessels, and lymphatics in the superficial compartment of the pectoral region arise from?
Definition
Thoracic wall, axilla, and the neck
Term
What type of glands are mammary glands and where are they located?
Definition

Modified sweat glands in the superficial fascia anterior to pectoral muscles/thoracic wall

 

Contain ducts and associated secretory lobules

Term
Describe the duct system of the breast
Definition
Mammary glands are series of ducts and associated lobules that converge to form 15 to 20 lactiferous ducts which open independently onto the nipple.  Nipple surrouned by pigmented areola.
Term
What is the cause of skin pitting in carcinoma of the breast?
Definition
Tension on suspensory ligaments of breast which are continuous to the skin and support the breast.
Term
Describe the structure(s) that support the breast
Definition
Well-developed, connective tissue stroma surrounding ducts/lobules that condense to form well-defined suspensory ligaments of breast.
Term
What is the predominant component of the breast and how and in what condition can this differ?
Definition
Predominant component of breast is fat while glandular tissue is more abundant in lactating women.
Term
What tissue provides some degree of movement of the breast over underlying structures?
Definition
The retromammary space that separates the breast from deep fascia and is a layer of loose connctive tissue.
Term
Where does the base of the breast attach to?
Definition
The attached surface of the breast extends vertically from ribs II to VI and transversly from the sternum 
Term
Where can the upper lateral region of the breast project to?
Definition
The upper lateral region of the breast can project around the lateral margin of the pec major and into the axilla.  The axillary process (tail) may perforate the deep fascia and extend as far superiorly as apex of axilla.
Term
What is the significance of the axillary process?
Definition
It may perforate deep fascia and extend as far superiorly as apex of axilla.  Therefore, if the patient requires a masectomy, you may need to remove tissue all the way up to the apex of the axilla.
Term
What is the arterial supply of the breast?
Definition

Laterally: axillary, artery-superior thoracic, thoraco-acromial, lateral thoracic, and subscapular

Medially: branches from internal thoracic artery

"Posteriorly": second and fourth intercostal arteries via branches that perforate thoracic wall/overlying muscle

Term
What veins does the breast drain to?
Definition
Veins drain parallel to arteries into the axillary, internal thoracic, and intercostal veins.
Term
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the breast.
Definition
  • 75% (lateral and superior parts of breasts) drain into axillary nodes
  • Most of remaining drainage (medial) drain to parasternal nodes
  •  Inferior part of breasts drain into abdomen
  • Some drain vessels following posterior intercostal arteries and connect to intercostal nodes near heads and necks of ribs


Term
Which nerves innervate the breast and nipple?
Definition

Breast is innervated by second and sixth intercostal nerves.

 

Nipple innervated by fourth intercostal nerve

Term
Differentiate the male breast from the female breast.
Definition
The male breast consists of only smal ducts that normally do not extend beyond areola.  Still can be cancerous.
Term
What are the muscles of the pectoral region and where do they extend from/too?
Definition
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and subclavius muscles that originate from the anterior thoracic wall and insert into bones of upper limb
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