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Patient Care
Chapter 15 and 16 Dealing with Acute Situations
46
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/21/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Level I Trauma Centers
Definition
  • Round-the-clock staff trained to care for traumatic injuries; usually larger institutions
  • Must be able to provide emergency radiography, fluoro, CT, and MRI 24/7
  • Will often be able to receive patients by helicopter and ambulance
Term
Level II Trauma Centers
Definition
  • ED physician 24 hours a  day, as well as RNs and radiography staff
  • Surgical radiography staff and fluoro must be available as well as angio, CT and MRI
Term
Level III Trauma Centers
Definition
  • Smaller, community/rural hospitals that have an ED physician and radiographer on call at night
  • Patients may be transferred to a Level I or II hospital if their condition dictates
  • Even if you are not a Level I trauma center, you will still need to be prepared to deal with traumatic situation.
Term
Highest priority goes to which patients during multiple emergencies?
Definition
  • Those with the most unstable vitals, especially when care is dependent on image results.
  • In 2 equally urgent cases, the shorter exam should be performed first.
  • STAT orders are issued for exams that must have priority; it indicates that the patient's well-being may be seriously jeopardized by any delay

 

Term
Definition of disaster
Definition
An emergency of huge magnitude that creates an unforeseen, serious, or immediate threat to the public.
Term
Triage
Definition
  • An essential part of disaster response
  • Defined as the process of identifying the victims, performing initial exams, and assigning priorities for further care.
  • Set up in a large, central locale
Term
3 classifications of patients in the ED:
Definition
  • Nonurgent
  • Urgent
  • Life-threatening
Term
Nasal cannula
Definition
  • For low-flow (1-6L/min) or long term oxygen administration
  • Most common used
  • 24%-45% oxygen concentration
Term
Simple mask:
Definition
  • For short term use, delivers variable oxygen concentrations based on fit and flow rate
  • (1-10L/min)
  • Adds humidity
  • 40%-60% oxygen concentration
Term
Nonbreathing mask:
Definition
Can supply 100% oxygen to the patient via a reservoir bag
Term
Venturi mask:
Definition
  • High flow
  • Can deliver an oxygen concentration of 24%-60%
  • Recommended for COPD
Term
Oxygen tent
Definition
Used for pediatrics because they will tend to tolerate the tent better than a mask
Term
Tracheostomy
Definition
Artificial opening into the trachea
Term
Endotracheal tube (ET tube)
Definition
  • Can be inserted down a patient's throat or via tracheostomy for patients who cannot breath on their own.
Term
Important things to remember if a patient is transported to radiology department on oxygen:
Definition
  • Make sure to transition the patient from the portable oxygen tank to oxygen from the wall unit so that the tank air is conserved and the patient receives supplemental oxygen the entire time
  • Take not of the flow rate of the portable tank and match it with the wall unit.
Term
Reactive airway disease
Definition
General term used to describe conditions characterized by coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath.
Term
Asthma:
Definition
Difficulty breathing caused by a bronchospasm; sometimes related to allergies.
Term
Airway obstruction is an example of what kind of an emergency?
Definition
Respiratory
Term
Name 3 cardiac emergencies and descriptions:
Definition
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)-heart attack, if a patient complains of sudden, intense chest pain, you should assume that the patient is having a heart attack until proven otherwise
  • Angina pectoris-pain or discomfort under the sternum due to insufficient flow of oxygen to the heart by the coronary arteries. (Usually relieved by rest or by sublingual administration of nitrogycerin.
  • Cardiac arrest-cessation of effectual cardiac activity.  Lack of circulation to the central nervous system can cause irreparable brain damage in 3-5 minutes.
Term
Defibrillator
Definition
  • Delivers an electric shock to correct an ineffective cardiac rhythm.
  • Automatic external defibrillator (AED) for the average person to use.
Term
Contrecoup
Definition
Injury caused by the brain bouncing off the opposite side of the skull as a result of severe impact.
Term
Concusion
Definition
Minimal damage characterized by "seeing stars" or very brief loss of consciousness.
Term
What is the first radiographic image obtained when a spinal injury is suspected?
Definition

Cross-table lateral c-spine

  • Obtain with immobilization in place
  • Myst be evaluated by ED physician before patient is moved
  • Log-rolling is used to move patients when necessary
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
Air in the pleural space; chest x-ray will lack normal lung markings
Term
Hemothorax
Definition
Blood in the pleural space; chest x-ray will be very dense where blood is located
Term
Cardiac tamponade
Definition
Blow to the chest that results in a bruising of the heart and subsequent hemorrhage in the pericardium, preventing the heart from expanding fully
Term
Flail chest
Definition
Multiple rib fractures
Term
Compound fracture
Definition
Also called an open fracture is one in which the surface of the skin is broken by the bone.
Term
Closed fracture
Definition
The skin is intact over the broken bone
Term
Important things to remember regarding extremity fractures:
Definition
  • Make sure to move an extremity with a suspected fracture as one unit
  • Do not remove any dressings, splints, or impaled objects
  • Take 2 radiographs at 90 degree angles
  • If the extremity is too long to fit both joints on one image, take another to include the other joint and make sure there is overlap of the images that the the whole extremity is imaged.
Term
Shock
Definition
  • A general term used to describe a failure of circulation which blood pressure is inadequate to support oxygen perfusion of vital tissues and is unable to remove the by-products of metabolism
  • A dangerous, potentially fatal condition
Term
Hypovolemic shock
Definition
  • Caused by massive blood or plasma loss, so that an insufficient amount of fluid is available to fill the circulatory system
  • Results from internal and external hemorrhage, plasma loss from burns, or severe dehydration
Term
Septic shock
Definition
  • Occurs when a massive infection, such as one cause by Gram-negative bacteria, produces toxins that increase capillary permeability and vasodilation, causing the blood pressure to drop sharply
Term
Neurogenic shock
Definition
  • The failure of arterial resistance
  • Causes blood to pool in peripheral vessels
  • Occurs with nervous-system injuries
  • Closely monitor patients with head or spinal trauma for blood-pressure drop
Term
Cardiogenic shock
Definition
Results from cardiac failure or interference with heart function.
Term
Allergic shock or anaphylaxis
Definition
  • Occurs from exposure to foregn substances to which they are sensitized.
  • Blood pressure falls rapidly, severe dyspnea caused by respiratory edema, and death can result if not recognized and treated rapidly.
Term
Syncope
Definition
  • Medical term for fainting
  • Mild form of shock
  • Treatment: Assist patient into supine position with feet elevated.
Term
Psychologic shock
Definition
  • Now known as PTSD; much different from other forms of shock
Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
  • Caused by kidney or pituitary disorder
  • Characterized by polyuria and thirst
  • If untreated, dehydration results
Term
Diabetes Mellitus-Type I
Definition
  • Insulin-dependent form
  • More likely to lapse into diabetic coma
Term
Diabetes Mellitus-Type II
Definition
  • Related to obesity
  • Treated with hyperglycemic drugs
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
  • Low blood sugar
  • Occurs in Type I when insulin is taken and a meal is skipped
  • Emergency medications include squeeze tubes of glucose gel
Term
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Definition
  • Also called a stroke
  • Caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain

-Hemorrhage

-Occlusion

Term
Warning signs of a stroke:
Definition
  • Slurred or difficult speech
  • Extreme dizziness
  • Severe headache
  • Muscle weakness on one or both sides
  • Vision difficulty or deviation in one eye
  • Temporary loss of consciousness
Term
Seizures:
Definition
  • May have trembling, shaking, or violent spasms
  • Absent seizures-brief loss of consciousness
  • Keep patient as safe as possible
  • Call for assistance
Term
Postseizure:
Definition
  • Turn patient to lateral recumbent to prevent aspiration of secretions
  • Provide reassurance and assistance
  • Patient may be irritable and confused
  • Often wishes to sleep
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