• Fear about possible diagnosis
• Effect of illness on family
• Concerns over modesty

• nil per os
• "Nothing by mouth"

True/False

Collection bag must me kept below the bladder to prevent backflow and contamination of bladder.

Shock position

UGI

Reflux

A.M.

Varies during other times of day

96.8 - 99.8 degrees F

(36-38 degrees C)

Rectal: 0.5 - 1.0 degrees F higher than normal temp

Axillary: 0.5 - 1.0 degree lower than normal temp

• Battered child syndrome
• Nonaccidental trauma (NAT)

A fever is anything above ______ degrees F orally or ______ degrees F rectally. 

And, what does a fever indicate?

100.4 deg F 

101.4 deg F rectally

Indicates an increase in metabolism (energy use)

1. Observation
2. Evaluation
3. Assessment
4. Communication: Relaying information

• A=Acknowledgement
• I=Intrduce
• D=Duration
• E=Explanation
• T=Thanks

1. Open-ended questions
2. Facilitation
3. Silence
4. Reflection or reiteration
5. Clarification or probing
6. Summarization

Pulse:

Measured in _______ __ ________ 

Avg normal pulse rate in adults is between ____ & ____ 

BPM - Beats per Minute

60 - 100 BPM

• How did it start?
• What happened?
• When did it first trouble you?
• Was it sudden or a complaint that gradually became worse?

Caused by the force of left ventricle contraction

Can be felt with fingertips at several locations

• Have you ever experienced it before?  
• Has it been continuous?
• Does it bother you all the time?
• How long has this attack been bothering you?

• Where does it hurt (or where is the problem)?
• Can you put a finger where it hurts the most?
• Does it hurt anywhere else?

• What does it feel like?
• Sharp, stabbing pain? Dull ache? Throbbing pain?
• How severe is it? Mild, moderate, or severe?
• Does it wake you up at night?

1. Radial artery (base of thumb on AP wrist)
2. Carotid artery (lateral to esophagus)
3. Pedal (instep of foot - to verify peripheral circulation)
4. Apical (apex of heart, use stethoscope

• What seems to make it worse?
• When is it worst?
• Is it worse after meals?
• At night?
• When you walk?

• What has helped in the past?
• Does that still help?
• What seems to help now?
• Does the time of day (amount of rest, change in position, and so on) make a difference?

• A bluish coloration in the skin; indicates a lack of sufficient oxygen.
• Can easily be seen on the mucous membranes such as the lips, lining of the mouth, and nail beds.

Find a pulse point, and compress artery with your fingers (not thumb)

For a regular pulse, record beats for 15 seconds and multiply by 4

For an irregular rhythm, record beats for the whole 60 seconds

Count number of breaths per minute

Normal range = 12 to 20 breaths/min

Bradypnea: Fewer than 12 breaths/min

Tachypnea: More than 20 breaths/min

True or False

A sudden change in a patient's mental acuity may indicate a critical problem and may require immediate attention.

True or False

Systolic pressure varies with physical activity or stress

1. Alert and conscious
2. Drowsy but responsive
3. Unconscious but reactive to painful stimuli
4. Comatose

True or False

Diastolic pressure varies greatly with physical activity or stress

• A marked increase in depth and rate of respirations is usually the first sign of distress.
• Changes in breathing may signal an onset of serious distress.
• Audible wheezing, gasping, coughing, or struggling with breathing requires attention.

Describe the systolic & diastolic ranges for

Stage 1 Hypertension

Systolic 140-159 mm HG

Diastolic 90-99 mm HG

Describe the systolic & diastolic ranges for

Stage 2 Hypertension (most severe form)

Systolic 160 mm Hg or greater

Diastolic 100 mm Hg or greater

Low Blood Pressure

Diastolic pressure <50 mm Hg

or

Systolic pressure <90 mm Hg

** may also indicate shock **

Temperature

Pulse Rate

Respiratory Rate

Blood Pressure

Red blood cell count

White blood cell count

Hemoglobin concentration

Hematocrit

What is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate used for?

aka: Sed Rate

PT: Prothrombin time

PTT: Partial thromboplastin time

What are these used for?

Normal Range (12-14 hr fasting)

70-100 mg/dl

* used to monitor, diagnose, and mange patients with diabetes *

BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen

A lab test used in Radiology for Kidney Functions

Where does it come from and what are the ranges?

Byproduct of protein metabolism

Normal Values

Adult:        7-18 mg/dl

Over 60:    8-20 mg/dl

Metabolite associated with muscle mass

Normal value in adult: 0.6-1.3 mg/dl

* measured to aid in the assessment of renal function *

Monitors both pulse rate and blood oxygen levels (BOL)

Normal BOL range is 95%-100%

Below 95% indicates inadequate oxygen perfusion

Placed on finger, toe, earlobe

Device that measures the electrical activity of the heart;

displays the information graphically in the form of waves on a paper tracing or on a monitor