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Pathophysiology Test 3
patho
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/29/2009

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Term
hypersensitivity
Definition
altered immunological reaction to an antigen
Term
Type 1
Definition
Allergic reactions--> IgE
Th2 cytokines tell plasma cells to produce IgE in response to antigens--> form antibodies
Term
Histamine
Definition
itching, angioedema, urticaria, bronchospasm, hypotension, arrhythmias,GI cramping
Term
Atopic
Definition
prone to allergies
over react to excessive IgE antibodies on mast cells
** skin, Gi tract, respiratory
Term
Anaphylaxsis
Definition
too much mast cell degranulation --> RAPID severe response

EPI pen to treat, anti-histamine is too slow
Term
Type 2
Definition
Tissue Specific Antigens ( platelets, RBC)

medications/ chemicals bind to antigens and change them
antibody binds to specific antigens --> Ig M or IgG
Term
Type 3
Definition
Immune Complex --> insoluble antigen antibody complex

precipitates into tissue--> complement comes and inflammatory response
diffuses into tissues

Only immune complex remains, not the antigen
Term
Arthus Reaction
Definition
type 3, tissue necrosis from allergic reaction --> BV death
Term
Serum Sickness
Definition
Rash, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, neurological disorders
Term
Type 4
Definition
Cell Mediated --> sensitized T cells, not antibodies
cytotoxic/ helper T
delayed - 24-72 hours
Term
Two Phase Reaction of Type 1
Definition
Initial - within 5-30 minutes--> release of bradykinin
Secondary- 2-8 hours later --> prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Term
Proteolytic enzymes
Definition
activate complement cascade
Term
Food Allergy Reactions
Definition
Skin- rash, hives, atopic dermatitis
Respiratory- wheezing, mucous
GI- N/V/D
Term
Type 2 Mechanisms of Destruction
Definition
1. complement mediated lysis
2. phagocytosis by macrophage
3. cell mediated toxicty- Tc
4. Receptor Blockage
Term
Examples of Type 2
Definition
ABO/ Rh blood transfusions, Thyroditis, Anemia, Medications
Term
Type 3 Reactions
Definition
Vasculitis- when precipitates into BV,
Acute Glomerular Nephritis- edema around the body
SLE- precipitates into joints
Serum Sickness
Term
Acute Reaction
Definition
Attacks skin--> rash, desquamation
Attacks Gi and liver--> nausea, bloody diarrhea and jaundice
Blood Vessels inflammed--> VOD- blocks veins in liver
Term
Immunodeficiency
Definition
tendency to develop unusual or recurrent infections = IMPAIRED IMMUNE SYSTEM

can be congenital or acquired
Term
HIV primary infection
Definition
S/s - 2-4 weeks after exposure
Flu like symptoms- fever, fatigue, diarrhea, night sweats, swollen glands
Increase in viral replication = decrease in CD4 cells
Term
HIV Latency Period
Definition
no symptoms ( may have chronically enlarged lymph nodes), lasts about 10 years, may still be contagious, continually dropping of CD4 cells ( risk for opportunistic infection)
Term
Overt Aids
Definition
Convert from HIV--AIDs
CD4 drop to < 200
presence of 2 other opportunistic infections, such as cervical cancer, TB, pneumonia
Term
HIV 3 enzymes of RNA
Definition
1. proteases
2. integrase
3. reverse transcriptase
Term
Overt Aids
Definition
HIV--> AIDs
CD4 < 200 and precense of 2 other "opportunistic" infections , such as TB, cervial cancer pneumonia
Term
opportunistic infections
Definition
1. Pneumocystis carini Pneumonia
2. TB
3. Hairy Leukoplakia, Candidiasis
Term
Nervous System Infections
Definition
1. AIDs dementia
2. Toxoplasmoisis Infection of the Brain
3. Leukoencephalopathy
Term
Anemia
Definition
decreased number of RBC or decreased quality of Hgb
Term
Signs and Symptoms of Anemia
Definition
Increased Respriatory rate, increase HR, fatigue, pallor, dizziness, murmurs
Term
Common Anemias
Definition
1. Normal size, but too few
2. normal #, but too small and little Hgb
3. big but few
Term
Macrocytic Normochromic
Definition
large ( high MVC), good Hgb ( high MCH)
low # of cells due to early death
Term
Signs and Symptoms of Vit B 12 lack
Definition
numbness, paresthesias, lemon yellow color, beefy red tongue

Test- serum B 12 level
Term
Microcytic Hypochromic
Definition
# of cells ok, but too small and little Hgb
Term
IDA
Definition
lack intake
bleeding - slow

S/s-- glossitis, brittle, thin concave nails
Term
Tests for IDA
Definition
Serum iron
Serum feratin -- most valuable
TIBC - increases with low iron
Term
Sideroblastic Anemia
Definition
problem using Iron to make Hgb, small pale cells, may lead to Iron Overload ( signs of anemia)
Term
Thalasemia
Definition
genetic problem with Hgb
autosomal recessive
Term
Sickling Cells
Definition
1. plug BV
2. hemolysis of RBC - less O2
Term
Sickly Cell Crisis
Definition
1. vaso-occlusive = clotting
2. sequestration crisis = blood pools in spleen, liver= circulatory collapse
3. Aplastic Crisis = short life of RBC anemia
Term
Normocytic Normochromic
Definition
decrease in #, good Hgb and size
1. damage to marrow
2. post- hemorrhage
3. hemolytic anemia
4. chronic inflammation anemia - RA, SLE - stop making erythopoetien
Term
Hemolytic Anemia
Definition
autoimmune- destroys erythrocytes, G6PD- detroys RBC

* Billirubin = jaundice,
* High LDL
Term
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Definition
prevent release of erythropoeitin ( which tells stem cells to become RBC)
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
excess of RBC- secondary caused by : high altitudes, smokers, COPD --> risk for clotting
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