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Pathology
Bone, Muscle, Endocrine, Reproduction
98
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
04/05/2012

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
intramembranous vs endochondral bone formation
Definition
intramembranous: no collagen model, flat bones
endochondral: growth plate generates collagen model, long bones
Term
osteoid
Definition
unmineralized collagenous matrix of bone, used to verify tumor as an osteosarcoma
Term
zones of cartilage formation
Definition
1. resting
2. proliferating - interstitial growth in growth plate
3. maturing/hypertrophic - cells making matrix and degenerating
4. calcified - cartilaginous septa are invaded by blood vessels bringing osteoblasts and allows mineralization
5. primary spongiosa - bone deposited on cartilage spicules
Term
role of blood vessels in bone formation
Definition
vessels must contain good quality collagen (scurvy). vessels wont invade inadequatedly mineralized collagen (rickets)
Term
bone necrosis
Definition
-lack of viable osteocytes in lacunae.
-can form sequestra (unresolvable stranded island of necrotic bone with no blood supply and peripheral inflammation
-can occur in physis after trauma or vascular compromise as in Legg-Perthes
Term
regional acceleratory phenomenon
Definition
-brings fibroblasts, endothelium, osteoblasts to stabilize fracture and restore blood flow
-granulation tissue reestablishes blood supply
Term
woven bone proliferation
Definition
-can indicate repair, inflammation, infection, or thoracic mass
-usually disorganized arrays except in pulmonary osteodystrophy
Term
growth arrest line
Definition
-parallel horizontal lines in metaphysis
-indicate period of slow growth (anorexia)
Term
growth retardation lattice
Definition
-metaphyseal zone of increased density
-caused by failure of osteoclast to resorb
-K9 distemper
Term
fibrous osteodystrophy
Definition
-hyperPTH pulls mineral from bone
-primary: adenoma producing PTH
-one enlarged gland, one atrophied,
high serum Ca
-secondary: attempt to raise serum Ca due to deficiency or poor Ca:P (nutritional or renal failure)
-both glands enlarged, low-normal
serum Ca
-hallmark lesion: bone resorption, replacement with fibrous tissue, numerous osteoclasts, irregular osteoid, woven bone
Term
rickets/osteomalacia
Definition
-rickets: growing, abnormal endochondral ossification
-osteomalacia: mature animal, poorly minieralized bone
-lesions: enlarged joints, valgus, soft bones, large and disorganized zone of hypertrophy, excess osteoid, marrow fibrosis
Term
hypertrpohic osteoarthropathy
Definition
-associated with thoracic or abd mass
-lesion: new bone proliferation beneath periosteum of long bones
-severing vagus n. curative (abn periosteal blood flow?)
Term
hypertrophic osteodystrophy
Definition
-young large breed
-double line on rads
-pain, lameness, pyrexia
lesion: infl and neuts form band in primary spongiosa -> necrosis of osteoblasts
Term
scurvy
Definition
-in spp that lack l-gulonolactone oxidase (man, guinea pig, simians, fruit bat, cetacean
-fragile vessels due to poor quality collagen
-osteoblasts cant make osteoid
-enlarged joints with hemorrhage, persistent epiphyseal cartilage, mineralized spicules, microfractures
Term
panosteitis
Definition
-large breed, esp GSD
-pain, intermittent lameness
- lesion: increased woven tissue density around nutrient foramen
Term
craniomandibular osteopathy
Definition
-autosomal recessive in WHWT, scot terr
-painful exostoses of mandible
-3-7mo, stops progressing at growth plate closure
Term
Legg-Perthes disease
Definition
- immature small breeds before growth plate closes
-aseptic necrosis of femoral head subchondral bone and marrow
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
-necrosis, removal of bone, bone proliferation
-usually bacterial, others can occur
-can dev from supp arthritis or hematogenous
-can have infarcts and path fractures
-lesion: inflammation
-also vasculitis, thrombosis, fibrin, fibrosis, tumor, etc
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
-most common primary tumor
- large breed, metaphyses
-quickly met to lung
-lesion: neoplastic polygonal osteoblasts producing osteoid
-lysis and infl, woven bone prolif
-biopsy may miss neoplastic cells
Term
osteoma
Definition
benign slow growing, top of head
Term
osteochondroma
Definition
cartilage capped, exophytic, on metaphysis, stops growing when growth plates close
Term
multilobular tumor of bone
Definition
osteocartilaginous nodules on skull, needs early sx intervention
Term
chondrosarcoma
Definition
-axial skeleton, nasal, locally destructive
-lesion: neoplastic cartilaginous cells surrounded by basophilic matrix
Term
osteochondromatosis (multiple cartilaginous exostosis)
Definition
-autosomal dominant, young, multiple bone nodules
-lesion: well-differentiated cartilage cap subtended by endochondral ossification
-risk of neoplastic transformation
Term
reaction of joints to injury
Definition
synovial: hypertrophy, pannus
artic cart: fibrillation, mice
bone: myx degen, pseudocysts, eburnation, proliferation
mediators: PGE2, IL-1, superox, H2O2, lys enz
Term
hip dysplasia
Definition
-gradual deformation of joint
-conc of force on craniodorsal aspect of acetabular rim
-subluxation of femoral head
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
fibrillation, clefting, erosions, incr thickness of cartilage, ostephytes, eburnation, synovial hyperplasia
Term
inflammatory arthritis
Definition
-acute: penetrating wound, septicemia, umbilical
-chronic: CAE, immune mediated, unresolved acute
-lesion: villus hypertrophy, lymphoplasmacytic, fibrin, granulomas
Term
osteochondrosis
Definition
-cartilage thinning or loss w/ fibrosis
-OCD if flap forms
Term
synovial cell carcinoma
Definition
-only primary tumor of joint
-biphasic aka resemble epithelial and stromal
Term
fibrocartilaginous emboli
Definition
acute, not painful as rupture is
Term
osseus metaplasia of spinal meninges /ossifying pachymeningitis
Definition
formation of bone in meninges of spinal cord
Term
stains for muscle
Definition
trichrome: dist muscle, collagen, nerves, myelin
PTAH: shows cross striations
Von Kassa: stains carbs linked with Ca
Term
requirements for muscle regeneration and hallmark
Definition
intact basal lamina or sarcolemmal tube and satellite cells
small basophilic fibers with internal rows of nuclei
Term
sequence of events of myofiber regeneration
Definition
1. striations lost
2. macros and PMNs enter tissue
3. satellite cells enlarge and divide
4. satellite cells move to center of myofiber (nuclear rowing)
5. cross striations reappear
Term
compensatory hypertrophy
Definition
decreased number of functional myofibers or interference with normal cellular metabolic processes
Term
c. chauvoei
Definition
-blackleg
-exotoxins -> vasculitis and hemorrhage
Term
c. septicum
Definition
-malignant edema
-penetrate skin
-most common cz of myositis in horse
-cattle get it from muscle bruising
-horse req penetrating wound or ingestion
Term
c. botulinum
Definition
-halts release of Ach at NMJ
- spores common in soil and gi
-irreversible damage
-horse most susc, get aspiration pneumonia
Term
cat bit wound cellulits
Definition
pasturella multocida
Term
granulomatous myositis
Definition
mycobacterium bovis
Term
chronic fibrosing nodular myositis of cattle
Definition
actinobacillus lignieresii - wooden tongue
actinomyces bovis - lumpy jaw
Term
botryomycosis (nodular myositis)
Definition
staph aureus
Term
parasitic myopathy in fetal cattle
Definition
neospora caninum
Term
purpura hemorrhagica in horses
Definition
strep equi equi
Term
pigeon fever of horses pectoral muscle
Definition
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Term
hingleg abcess in cattle
Definition
arcanobacterium pyogenes
Term
hypp
Definition
autosomal dominant
recurrent weakness and muscle fasciculations
hyperkalemia during episodes
sodium channel defect
CK and AST normal
Term
PSM
Definition
-incr CK and AST
-abn glycolytic pathway, accum of PAS in type II fibers
- high grain diets
Term
glycogenoses
Definition
enzyme deficiencies
rare
type II - acid maltase def
type IV - glycogen branching enz def (norwegian forest cat)
type VII - PPK def
Term
malignant hyperthermia /porcine stress syndrome
Definition
-pale soft exudative meat
-muscle tremors, edema in muscle
- autosomal recessive defect in ryanodine receptor (Ca channel)
- myofiber breakage, contracture, degen
Term
fainting goats
Definition
autosomal dominant
chloride channel
cka nd ast normal
Term
myasthenia gravis
Definition
-immune mediated against Ach receptors
-self tolerance
-thymoma can initiate loss of tolerance
Term
duchennes muscular dystrophy
Definition
-defect dystrophin gene
-xlinked
Term
plant associated toxic myopathies
Definition
mycotoxin, cassia, karwinskia, eupatorium, thermopsis, gossypol
Term
cassia/coffee weed
Definition
most common cz of plant myopathy in cattle, segmental necrosis of myofibers esp diaphragm in pigs
Term
monensin tox
Definition
coccidiostat in cattle and poultry feed
horses sensitive
pale muscles, myonecrosis
Term
nutritional myopathy
Definition
def of vit e/se
pale streaks in muscle
degen, regen, myltiphasic, multifocal
se needed for glutathione peroxidase neutralization of free radicals
Term
exertional myopathy
Definition
typing up
myofiber necrosis with myoglobinuria
Term
autoimmune muscle disorders
Definition
purpura hemorrhagica - horses
viral - horses, cat
masticatory muscle myositis - dogs
Term
k9 masticatory myositis/eosinophilic myositis
Definition
GSD
acute: swollen temporalis and amsseter
chronic: atrophic masticatory mm
Ab against - detect snti type 2m myosin ab
Term
purpura hemorrhagica
Definition
young qh
strep equi equi
iga and strep antigen for immune complex deposit in small vessels cz vasculitis hemorrhage infarction
Term
primary neoplasia of muscle
Definition
rhabdomyosarcoma - straited m
infiltrating lipoma - body wall, flank,locally invasive
Term
most common cz of primary hypofunction
Definition
lymphoplasmacytic throiditis/adrenalitis/pancreatic islets/parathyroiditis
Term
PTHrP
Definition
lyphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, mammary gland adenocarcinoma, gastric scc (horse)
Term
decreased hormone clearance
Definition
renal failure - pth
hepatic cirrhosis - estrogen
Term
veratrum californicum
Definition
pituitary aplasia and prolonged gestation d 12-14 gestation
Term
pituitary cyst
Definition
pituitary dwarfism, falure of rathkes pouch to differentiate
autosomal recessive in GSD, spitz, min pin, karelian bear dog
Term
pituitary neoplasia
Definition
craniopharyngioma
rathkes pouch, usually benign
signs due to compression
Term
nonfunctional pituitary adenoma
Definition
pars distalis or intermedia
signs due to compression/atrophy of adj pituitary, pu/pd, blind, cns signs
Term
functional chromophobe adenoma
Definition
bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia
bostons, boxers, dachsunds
Term
functional acidophil adenoma
Definition
acromegaly
insulin resistant diabetes
eggagerated skin folds, big boned
Term
pituitary carcinoma
Definition
nonfunctional, invasive, destructive
Term
nephrogenic DI
Definition
familial in husky, mutation in receptor results in decreased affinity
can be secondary to hypercalcemia
Term
adrenal parts
Definition
zg - aldosterone
zf - glucocorticoids
zr - sex
medulla - cats
glucocort and sex ster are acth depd
Term
adrenal depd cushings
Definition
adenoma or carcinoma
others: adrenal hyperplasia, func pit tumor, iatrogenic
Term
adrenal cortical adenoma
Definition
single well demarcated nodule in adrenal cortex
Term
adrenal cortical carcinoma
Definition
rare, larger than adenomas, can be bilateral, often functional, highly invasive and mets
Term
cushing bloodwork
Definition
neutrophilia without left shift, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis, high gluc, alp, low usg
Term
cushing cat
Definition
skin fragility
Term
hypoadrenocorticism
Definition
st poodle, lab, great dane, rotti, WHWT
Term
atypical addisons
Definition
most common due to abrupt cessation of long term steroid tx
only acth depd zones
Term
addisons signs
Definition
hypoglygemia, cutaneous pigmentaion, eosinophilia, lypmhocytosis, stress intolerance
adh def: hyperk, hypona/cl/volemia, bradycardia
Term
pheochromocytoma
Definition
tumor of chromaffin cells, prod norepi/epi, usually nonfunctional, highly vascular, incidental or highly invasive (invade vena cava - exsanguination)
Term
follicular cells
Definition
make t3 and t4
c cells make calitonin in resp to high serum ca
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
abs against thyroglubulin - common in dogs or folliclar destruction with fibrous replacement
Term
diffuse thyroid hyperplasia and goiter
Definition
too little or too much iodine, ing of thiouracil, sulfonamides, genetic enzyme defect
Term
congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter
Definition
sheep - corriedale, marino, dorset horn, romeny, afrikander cattle, saanen dwarf goats
Term
thyroid neoplasm
Definition
adenoma - cats, encapsulated
carcinoma dogs, goldens, boxers, beagles, palpable, rapid growth, invaisve, mets
Term
nodular thyroid hyperpasia in cats
Definition
tan nodular thyroids, most common cause
Term
hypothyrodism signs
Definition
tragic face due to cutaneous mucinosis/myxedema
coudl be iodine def but usually lymphoctic/immune med or idiopathic atrophy (both primary)
hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, comedones
Term
chief cells
Definition
secrete pth in resp to low blood ca
Term
hypopth
Definition
low serum ca - nm hyperexcitability, tetany, weakness, seizures, high serum p
Term
hyperpth
Definition
dogs, chief cell tumor, usu adenoma, func carcinoma, idiopathic hyperplasia
FOD.rubber jaw.big head, loose teeth, pupd (nephrocalcinosis, uroliths
Term
sec renal hyperpth
Definition
failure to retain ca and excrete p, failure of kidney to activate vit d
Term
sec nutritional hyperpth
Definition
low ca high p diet
Term
neoplasms of chemoreceptors
Definition
brachycephalic breeds, usu nonfunc, signs due to size, coughing
Term
neupathies ass w endocrinopathies
Definition
diabetic neurop (hypergluc = slow nerve conduction=weakness, red reflexes, plantigrade), hypothy (LMN signs, megaesoph, CB def), hypoadreno (megaesop), insulinoma
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