Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes hyperkeratosis? |
|
Definition
| Vit A deficiency or chlorinated naphthalene poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scars (cicatrization);
external pressure (e.g. from tumour);
developmental defect (e.g. persistent right 4th aortic arch);
diaphragmatic hernias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stenosis (and its causes!);
foreign bods;
gastro-oesophageal intussusceptions (dogs);
bloat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd to stenosis;
2nd to achalasia (disorder of peristalsis);
congenital (mega-oesophagus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
external pressure ( stenosis) -> pressure necrosis -> oesophagitis -> gangrene;
obstruction -> bloat [rums] -> rupture -> pleuritis;
--> resolution! (maybe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regurgitation -> inanition -> stagnation + putrefaction of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
degeneration of mesenteric plexus;
degeneration of vagus/its nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Gastro-oesophageal intussusception |
|
Definition
affects dogs (larger breeds esp.); dogs >3months old;
may incl. spleen and pancreas;
sequelae: acute regurgitation -> dyspnoea -> haematemesis (vomits blood) -> shock -> death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
viral (papular stomatitis, BVD, MCF, MD, Rinderpest);
bacterial (Fusobacterium necrophorum);
fungal (Candida albicans);
2nd to trauma;
neoplasia (infectious viral papilloma [C + dog], squamous carcinoma [cat]);
parasite (Gasterophilus/bot fly larvae [H], warble fly larvae [H], Sarcocystis gigantea [S], Spirocerca lupi [dog]);
lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| Where does Candida albicans establish? |
|
Definition
| extends from pars oesophagea; normally 2nd to debilitating disease |
|
|
Term
| What causes Trichobezoars (hair balls in rumen)? |
|
Definition
excessive licking of coat;
dietary fibre deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant fibre-balls in rumen |
|
|
Term
| ABD of Primary (frothy) Bloat |
|
Definition
A - grazing pasture w/high legume content
B - plants have cytoplasmic proteins that stabilise gas bubbles + ferment protein -> foam produced -> builds up + blocks cardia -> incr. pressure = decr. cardiopulmonary func.
C - bloat line (congested cervical vs. blanched thoracic mucosa); distended rumen with foam inside; dark blood clots poorly (anoxia) |
|
|
Term
| A+D of Secondary (free gas) Bloat |
|
Definition
A - physical/functional defects in gas eructation (oesoph. obstruction; oesoph. stenosis; vagal N damage)
D - rumen distended with putrified milk |
|
|
Term
| B+D of Rumenitis (due to Kikuyu poisoning) |
|
Definition
B - superficial rumen necrosis -> rumenitis -> indigestion -> death
D - lesions of necrosis + inflamed forestomach walls (microscopically) |
|
|
Term
| ABCD of Rumenitis (due to Grain Overload) / Rumen acidosis |
|
Definition
A - incr. intake of easily digestible carbs
B - incr. VFA production + D-lactic acid -> flora become amylolytic -> rumen pH <5.. incr. VFA also = incr. absorbance of FAs + acidosis + incr. intraruminal osmotic pressure = fluid absorbed into rumen + rumen protozoa die
C - dehydration; more fermenting contents; acid smell; necrosis + inflammation + hyperaemia of rumen wall = incr. susceptibility to 2ndary infection (necrobacillosis + mycotic)
D - Histopathology |
|
|
Term
| Sequelae of Rumen acidosis |
|
Definition
| frothy bloat -> rumen necrobacillosis -> (superficial foci of coagulative necrosis provide entry for..) -> mycotic infarctions due to zygomycete fungi -> liver abscesses -> caudal vena cava thrombosis -> pulmonary embolic aneurysm -> abomasal ulcers -> poliocephalomalacia -> laminitis |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria of Rumen necrobacillosis (+ causes of liver abscesses) |
|
Definition
| Fusobacterium necrophorum + Arcanobacterium pyogenes |
|
|
Term
| B+S of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis |
|
Definition
B - thing penetrates reticulum to cause localised fibrinous, suppurative + granulomatous peritonitis (and maybe some abscessation, haemorrhage + vagal N damage too)
S (sequelae) - perforation of diaphragm + pericardium -> local pleurisy + pneumonia -> CHF |
|
|
Term
| Viral infections of forestomach |
|
Definition
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
MCF + BVD
papillomavirus
parapoxvirus (scabby mouth) |
|
|
Term
| Non-pathogenic parasite of reticulum |
|
Definition
| Paraphistomes - Calicophoron calicophorum (fluke) |
|
|
Term
| Poisonings of forestomach |
|
Definition
heavy metal;
prussic acid;
urea;
plants |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Dilation/Volvulus/Torsion of stomach/abomasum |
|
Definition
primary = overfeeding of grain [H];
pyloric obstruction [lambs + calves];
paralysis of gut in peritonitis;
vagal paralysis;
abomasal bloat (by Sarcina + Clostridium spp.) |
|
|
Term
| D + splenic Sequelae of Dilation of stomach/abomasum |
|
Definition
D - wall of stomach congested + dark; contents blood stained and undergo putrefaction
S - vessels to spleen occluded, leading to congestion and swelling of spleen also |
|
|
Term
| CS of Abomasal Displacement (to the left, to the left) |
|
Definition
C - indigestion; may result in spontaneous recovery
S - [C]
Sequelae - volvulus of abomasum -> vessel occlusion -> abomasum distends with blood-stained fluid + gas -> wall necrotises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S - [H]
Sequelae - gastric contents enter peritoneal cavity -> peritonitis + colic |
|
|
Term
| When does Active Hyperaemia occur? |
|
Definition
after ingestion (physiological);
as part of acute gastritis (pathological) |
|
|
Term
| What is Passive Hyperaemia ass'd with? |
|
Definition
| central/peripheral circulatory failure |
|
|
Term
| ADS of Gastric Infarction |
|
Definition
A - DIC syndrome; part of acute infection of Salmonellosis, Coliform enteritis, E.coli, erysipelas, European Swine Fever, swine dysentery
D - venous infarction of mucosa seen on internal surface of greater curvature; dark red colour on both mucosal + serosal surfaces
S - [P]
Sequelae - 2nd necrosis + inflammation of mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Gastrorrhagia is a part of... |
|
Definition
uraemia [dog];
gastric ulceration [P, C];
reaction to aspirin [cat];
haemonchosis [S] |
|
|
Term
| AC of Oedema Disease in Pigs |
|
Definition
A - rapid proliferation of GIT E.coli when pigs weaned onto high energy + protein diets
C - submucosal gastric oedema, oedema of mesentery + intestine, subcutaneous oedema over head + around eyes |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Oedema Disease of Abomasal Folds [C, S, D] |
|
Definition
cachexia (thickened flabby abomasal folds);
haemonchosis (" ");
ostertagiosis (" ");
arsenic poisoning (" ");
MCF (" ");
Fusobacterium;
Clostridium (braxy in [S]);
Zygomycosis (infarcts + ulcers);
Salmonellosis |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Gastric + Abomasal Ulcers |
|
Definition
NSAIDS
Glucocorticoids + stress (inhib arachidonic acid availability, needed for prostaglandin synthesis + decr. epi cell turnover)
reduced mucosal perfusion (e.g. hypertension) |
|
|
Term
| Normal mechanics of mucosal protective mechanism |
|
Definition
mucosa covered in mucus/bicarbonate layer + prostaglandins stimulate mucus production, bicarbonate secretion and perfusion.
-> disturbance to this = hypersecretion of HCl and pepsin |
|
|
Term
| Sequelae of large gastric ulcers |
|
Definition
| ulcer -> gastrorrhagia -> malaena + haematemesis / 2nd infection (esp. fungi) / ulcers perforate -> peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Abomasal Ulcers in cattle |
|
Definition
irritation by roughage (calves);
atony of abomasum (oldies) as in hardware disease + displaced abomasum;
lymphoma;
BVD, MCF, FMD |
|
|
Term
| ABDS of Gastric Ulcers in pigs |
|
Definition
A - ulceration of fundus = fatal haemorrhage with Hyostrongylus rubidus; pars oesophagea ulceration (growing pigs) due to incr. Cu, whey, starch, unsaturated FA in diet OR deficient protein; finely-ground feed
B - lesions start as fissures in hyperplastic parakeratotic epithelium -> erosion -> ulceration
D - carcass= pale with blood clot covering ulcer if acute
Seq - Candida albicans in keratin / fatal gastrorrhagia |
|
|
Term
| ADS of Gastric Ulcers in horses |
|
Definition
A - phenylbutazone treatment, stress, surgery
D - many small punctate ulcers/erosions (most common in oeshopageal region)
Seq - ulcers perforate -> exsanguination (death due to blood loss) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Gastric Ulcers in dogs |
|
Definition
Foreign bods,
NSAIDS,
seq of uraemia
-> can perforate -> peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| Cause of Gastric Ulcers in cats |
|
Definition
aspirin (inhibits prostaglandin synthesis)
-> can perforate -> peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| Location + Effect of Bot Fly Larvae (gasterophilus) [H] |
|
Definition
gastric mucosa of pars oesophagea
ulceration + granulamatous inflamm. |
|
|
Term
| Location + Effect of Draschia (Habronema) megastoma nematode [H] |
|
Definition
wall of stomach
granulomatous inflamm -> suppuration -> 2nd infection |
|
|
Term
| Location + Effects of Trichostrongylus axei [H] |
|
Definition
areas of metaplastic + hyperplastic mucosa
appear as raised nodules; cause catarrhal gastritis (MUCH MUCUS!), bottle jaw, diarrhoea |
|
|
Term
| C of Hyostrongylus rubidus [P] |
|
Definition
| catarrhal to ulcerative gastritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaemia, pale MMS, bottle Jaw |
|
|
Term
| BCS of Ostertagia + Teladorsagia larvae |
|
Definition
B - cause adenomatoid hyperplasia of mucosa; type II infection in autumn/winter during histotrophic phase [C]
C - looks like Moroccan leather (apparently); clinical signs = diarrhoea, bottle jaw, high pepsinogen level
B/Seq? - hyper + metaplasia of surrounding epithelium -> decr. HCl synth -> less pepsinogen activated into pepsin |
|
|
Term
| Features of Ollulanus tricuspis [cat] |
|
Definition
small
no eggs in poo
affects many felids
C - vomiting, gastritis, ill thrift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
almost always malignant carcinomas
gastric lymphomas in cats + [C] with enzootic bovine leukosis
-> form polyps or perforate -> melaena + haemorrhage
-> can metastasize to liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
squamous cell carcinomas in pars oesophagea (look like swiss cheese)
-> form polyps or perforate -> melaena + haemorrhage
-> can metastasize to liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphomas in abomasal folds
-> form polyps or perforate -> melaena + haemorrhage
-> can metastasize to liver |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders of Intestine |
|
Definition
atresia ani (=enlarged abdomen, imperforate anus)
intestinal atresia
caecocolic atresia (in PM note total lack of fat)
atresia coli/segmental blind-end colonic atresia (recessive in Holstein Fresians) |
|
|
Term
| AC of Intestinal Obstruction |
|
Definition
A - 2nd to congenital or..
acquired (worms, foreign bods, enteroliths, bezoars, external compression, impaction, functional paralysis as in Paralytic ileus + Grass sickness [H])
C - looks like an accordion with elastic underparts |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of upper intestinal obstruction |
|
Definition
=more acute, severe + rapid
haemoconcentration; electrolyte depletion; alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of lower intestinal obstruction |
|
Definition
(colon) = less acute (can even be chronic)
toxaemia |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of intestinal strangulation |
|
Definition
| segment engorgement; fluid + electrolytes lost; toxaemia + shock |
|
|
Term
| PM D of (mesenteric) Volvulus/torsion of intestine |
|
Definition
intestines appear congested + full of blood-stained fluid; rapid death
red-gut [S] |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Eventration (displacement of intestine outside abdomen} |
|
Definition
post-surgery
through patent umbilicus
post-trauma
(part of schistosomus reflexus) |
|
|
Term
| What is in internal hernia? |
|
Definition
| displacement of intestines through trauma in diaphragm, mesentery or omentum, (also epiploic foramen or nephrosplenic place [H]) |
|
|
Term
| What is in external hernia? |
|
Definition
displacement of intestines outside peritoneum , where intestines are covered by at least one layer of skin. can be:
-ventral (pregnancy)
-umbilical (congenital)
-inguinal
-perineal (in male dogs with prostatic disease) |
|
|
Term
| What species are affected by muscular hypertrophy of the terminal ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species is affected by diverticulosis (big bubble-like cysts in mucosa))? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species is affected by intestinal emphysema (looks like pink bubbles in mucosa)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasite is thought to be ass'd with haemomelasma ilei in [H]? |
|
Definition
| Strongylus edentatus larvae |
|
|
Term
| Which species are affected by rectal prolapses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 normal ways that the SI digests ingesta |
|
Definition
-intralumenal digestion (enzymes from exocrine glands + microbes)
-membrane digestion (in glycocalyx on microvillus surface)
-intracellular digestion (after pinocytosis) |
|
|
Term
| what is absorbed in the colon? |
|
Definition
| Na, Cl and (passively) water |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of enteritis |
|
Definition
-necrosis of villus epi=crypt hyperplasia (as in TGE, Staph enterotoxin)
-necrosis of crypts=denuded villi + collapsed mucosa (as in parvo, radiation sickness)
-deficient digest + abs
->wasting + dehydration + lost electrolytes
=DIARRHOEA! |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of small bowel diarrhoea |
|
Definition
secretory
malabsorptive
effusive |
|
|
Term
| causes + mediators of secretory diarrhoea |
|
Definition
bacterial entertoxins; e.g. E.coli
mediated by prostaglandins, histamine, kinins |
|
|
Term
| features of malabsorptive diarrhoea |
|
Definition
| osmotic retention + villus atrophy (TGE) |
|
|
Term
| causes of effusive diarrhoea |
|
Definition
| inflammation (Salmonella, Clostridium, Yersinia) or hydrostatic changes |
|
|
Term
| Cause of large bowel diarrhoea |
|
Definition
| loss of absorptive eptihelium |
|
|
Term
| inflam of SI / duodenum / jejunum / ileum |
|
Definition
| enteritis / duodenitis / jejunitis / ileitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflam of ileocaecal valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood, fibrin, cellular debris and mucous in watery faeces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fresh blood in (normal) faeces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-parasitic (=eosinophilic)
-bacterial (=granulomatous) as in Johne's Disease
-may follow acute viral enteritis as in BVD |
|
|
Term
| What is Sprue (atrophic enteritis) and when may it occur? |
|
Definition
is the stunting, atrophy and coalescing of villi during healing, resulting in a more cellular epithelium with a reduced SA (and many inflammatory cells).
may be a manifestation of chronic disease |
|
|
Term
| Viral enteritis agents and their affected species |
|
Definition
rotavirus [calves]
coronavirus [calves P cat dog]
parvo [cat dog]
mobilli [rinderpest-C, dog distemper]
pesti [C, P]
herpes [everything!] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually affects upper SI; superficial damage to villi -> atrophy of villi -> osmotic diarrhoea -> 2nd infection (E.coli or Crypto) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower SI + colon; superficial damage to villi -> atrohpy -> osmotic diarrhoea |
|
|
Term
| What is a coronavirus in suckling pigs and what are CS? |
|
Definition
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
C - epidemic diarrhoea; vomiting + wasting disease
D - ELISA for testing faeces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serofibrinous effusion in peritoneum
multifocal granulomas on serosal surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granulomas on surface of kidneys/lungs + microscopic granulomas in CNS + uveitis + keratitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - mutation of enteric non-contagious FIP coronavirus (in immunodeficient animals)
B - FIP-infected macros target small/medium veins in serous mems -> Ag-Ab complexes form (type 3 HSR) -> vasculitis -> exudation (effusive form) OR a delayed type 4 HSR -> pyogranuloma formation!
D - (wet) histo=vasculitis, perivasculitis, fibrin, necrotic debris, mixed inflam cell response
D - (dry) microscopic granulomas in CNS tissue, uveitis, keratitis, histo=perivascular pyogranulomas + vasculitis
mucosa may have petechiae
Ddx - lymphomas (for kidney nodules)
Sample - kidney, brain, eye, lung
S - 6-12w old kittens
Seq - (teratogenic) cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens in utero |
|
|
Term
| ABDS of panleucopenia/infectious feline enteritis |
|
Definition
A - parvovirus
B - virus replicates in proliferating cells of SI crpyts -> necrosis -> denudation of villi
+ necrosis of proliferating thymic + haemopoietic tissue in bone marrow -> panleucopenia
D - PM-serosa has roughened appearance
intranuclear inclusion bodies in myocardium of pups; lung + endothelial cells of dogs
patchy hyperaemia of serosa + entorrhagia
Seq - 2nd infection; myocarditis in pups 3-8w old; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - Classical swine fever; pestivirus
C/D - haemorrhages in LNs + kidneys (turkey egg), splenic infarcts, inflam of intestine (catarrhal, fibrino or haemorrhagic), button ulcers in caecum
Ddx - Salmonellosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - Escherichia infections
B - bac invade RBCs or adhere to brush border OR produce toxins that cause enteritis ('white scours' in newborns).. K99 [rums] K88 [P]
C - 2ndary suppurativ lesions (arthritis, meningitis, white spotted kidney), septicaemia, cystitis/pyelonephritis, mastitis |
|
|
Term
| ETEC / EPEC / EIEC / EHEC / VTEC |
|
Definition
enterotoxigenic E.coli (cause most enteric colicbacillosis in calves + piglets)
enteropathogenic E.coli (attach to + damage enterocytes + endothelial cells; eneteroadherent)
enteroinvasive E.coli
enterohaemorrhagic E.coli
verotoxic E.coli (ass'd with pig oedema disease) |
|
|
Term
| ABCDS of Oedema disease in pigs |
|
Definition
A - verotoxic strain of E.coli
B - endothelial damage -> oedema of eyelids, nose, ears, greater curvature of stomach + colon
C - nervous signs; infarcts in gastric wall, ascites, hydrothorax, hydropericardium with fibrin strands, encephalomalacia in brainstem
D - fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries; acute death
S - recently weaned piglets |
|
|
Term
| ABC of Post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets |
|
Definition
A - alteration of coliform flora, resulting in proliferation of ETEC
B/C- gastric infarction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - S.typhimurium [H, C, S, P], S.dublin, S.hindmarsh [C, S], S.brandenburg [S, human], S.choleraesuis [P]; ass'd with stress factors; carriers also
B - acute/chronic enteritis, typhlitis, colitis
C - pneumonia, septicaemia, abortion, arthritis, meningitis
Ddx - Listeria, swine fever
S - young more likely to suffer generalised infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
young or adults
fibrinonecrotic enteritis
typhlocolitis
abomastitis
catarrhal enteritis
(+ microscopic disseminate foci of necrosis in liver/spleen)
Ddx - Enteric listeriosis resembles salmonellosis in S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
colonic lesions (acute/chronic) ; button ulcers if chronic
splenomegaly
gastric infarcts
Ddx - classical swine fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually typhimurium
young/old
fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis
penumonia
polyarthritis
meningoencephalitis
septicaemia |
|
|
Term
| Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ABCDS |
|
Definition
A - subclinical infections + carriers
C - gastroenterocolitis + abortions; blood stained diarrhoea
D - lesions in intestine, mesenteric LNs, liver, placenta; bacterial colonies in lamina propria
Seq - enteritis -> haemorrhagic; bloody contents
S - C, S, G, deer |
|
|
Term
| Yersinia enterocolitica ABCS |
|
Definition
A - subclinical infections + carriers
B/C - enterocolitis
S - S, G, P |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - Mycobacterium avium - paratuberculosis
B - granulomatous inflamm of ileum, jeju, caecum, prox colon
C - eyes sunken, sever diarrhoea, wasting, dehydration
D - ZN stains acid-fast organisms (AFOs)
serosal surface of ileum (modular lymphangitis or cerebriform pattern); also looks like spaghetti in C; prominent lymphatics in S; epithelioid M0s, + WBC's, Langhans' giant cells, plasma cells, N0s
inflam foci in liver
clumps of AFOs in faecal smear
Ddx - Tb in deer, G
S - mature C, S, G; young <1yr deer |
|
|
Term
| Porcine intestinal adenomatosis complex |
|
Definition
A - Lawsonia intracellularis
D - serosal surface of lower SI has cerebriform appearance
necrotic ileitis
PIA (porcine intestinal adenopathy)
congealed blood vessel
proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE)
Warthin-Starry silver stain shows intracellular comma-shaped bac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
B - dysentery due to fibronecrotic colitis
D - Warthin-Starry silver stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - Brachyspira piloscoli
C - diarrhoea, ill thrift
D - Warthin-Starry silver stain |
|
|
Term
| Rhodococcus infection BCD |
|
Definition
B - multifocal pyogranulomatous pneumonia
ulcerative typhlocolitis
D - G+ rods within M0s |
|
|
