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Patho Test 3 - Gastrointestinal
Powerpoint Study
51
Anatomy
Graduate
07/07/2016

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Cards

Term
Duodenal
Gastric
Definition
What are the Two Main Types of Peptic Ulcers?
Term
Duodenal by a 4:1 ratio
Definition
What is the most common type of peptic ulcer?
Term
30-55 y/o
55-70 y/o
Definition
What is the most common age range for duodenal peptic ulcers? What about gastric ulcers?
Term
Pain (100%)
Intermittent (“heartburn” type)
Chronic, boring pain with deep ulcers
Definition
What do 100% of peptic ulcer patients experience?
Term
Helicobacter pylori
Its a gram negative bacillus
FAILURE TO ERADICATE H. PYLORI RESULTS IN VERY HIGH PEPTIC ULCER RECURRENCE RATE

Also ulcers can be caused by excess acid production or low mucosal production
Definition
What is the main cause of peptic ulcers?
Term
H-2 Receptor antagonists
Proton pump inhibitors
Definition
How do you reduce acid production in the stomach?
Term
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Definition
A disorder associated with frequent passage of gastric acid into to esophagus

Represents failure of the lower esophageal sphincter
Term
ESOPHAGEAL PAIN (HEARTBURN)
Definition
WHAT IS THE MAIN SYMPTOM OF GERD?
Term
ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA
Definition
WHAT IS THE MAIN GERD ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGY?
Term
Chronic helicobacter pylori infection
Smoking
Diet high in nitrates, low in vitamin C
Definition
What are the risk factors of gastric cancer?
Term
NONE
Definition
WHAT ARE THE EARLY STAGE SYMPTOMS OF GASTRIC CANCER?
Term
Upper abdominal discomfort/pain
Anorexia, weight loss, nausea
Anemia due to iron deficiency
Definition
What are the later symptoms of gastric cancer?
Term
Endoscopy -(EGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
Definition
How do you diagnose gastric cancer?
Term
Surgical excision: gastrectomy
Only possible for about 30% of patients

Chemotherapy
Definition
How do you treat gastric cancer?
Term
Squamous cell (most common)
Adenocarcinoma
Definition
What are the two tissue types of esophageal cancer?
Term
DYSPHAGIA
Definition
WHAT IS THE MAIN SYMPTOM OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER?
Term
Cigarette smoking (especially for squamous cell)

Obesity

GERD (adenocarcinoma)
Barrett’s esophagus
Definition
What are the risk factors for esophageal cancer?
Term
ENDOSCOPY (EGD) AND BIOPSY
Definition
WHAT IS THE MAIN METHOD OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER DIAGNOSIS?
Term
Hepatitis
Definition
Acute inflammation of the liver
Term
HEPATITIS A, C, AND C
Definition
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON HEPATITIS VIRUSES?
Term
USUALLY MILD, DOES NOT LEAD TO CHRONIC INFECTION OR CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE
Definition
WHAT IS THE SEVERITY OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS?
Term
USUALLY THE SAME AS A, BUT CAN LEAD TO CHRONIC INFECTION
Definition
WHAT IS THE SEVERITY OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS?
Term
40%
Definition
WHAT IS THE CIRRHOSIS RISK WITH CHRONIC INFECTION OF LIVER?
Term
ACUTE INFECTION CAN BE SIMILAR TO HEP A, BUT CHRONIC INFECTION IS A COMMON COMPLICATION
Definition
WHAT IS THE SEVERITY OF HEPATITIS C?
Term
YES IT IS NOW POSSIBLE
Definition
CAN HEPATITIS C BE CURED?
Term
Cirrhosis (Chronic Hepatic Failure)
Definition
Irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver function and even structure
Term
Alcoholic
Biliary
Infectious
Definition
What are the three liver failure types?
Term
Secretion of Bile
Definition
an alkaline, bitter-tasting, yellowish green fluid that contains bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, electrolytes, and water
Term
Chronic right upper quadrant pain/discomfort
Jaundice (elevated bilirubin levels)
Edema (ascites, pleural effusions)
Definition
What are the symptoms of cirrhosis?
Term
Cholelithaisis
Definition
Another word for Gallstones?
Term
“Female, forty, fat & fertile”
Definition
What are the risk factors for gallstones?
Term
Usually asymptomatic

10 – 25% develop episodic biliary pain:
RUQ pain, often beginning at night
Often associated with consumption of a high-fat meal
Lasts 30 minutes to many hours
Definition
What are the symptoms of gallstones?
Term
Acute Cholecystitis
Definition
Biliary pain associated with:

Nausea & vomiting

Fever

Leukocytosis

Jaundice (in about 25%)
Term
Ductal occlusion
Usually by a gallstone

Results in ischemia

Then perforation or rupture

Followed by:
Abscess, peritonitis, death
Definition
Cholecystitis Pathology
Term
Leukocytosis, elevated bilirubin, elevated liver enzymes
Definition
What would a laboratory find with cholecystitis?
Term
Pancreatitis
Definition
Acute or chronic inflammation of exocrine pancreas
Term
ACUTE EPIGASTRIC PAIN
Definition
WHAT IS THE MAIN SYMPTOM OF PANCREATITIS?
Term
Elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes
Lipase & amylase (at least 3X upper limits of normal)

Fever, leukocytosis

CT imaging
Enlarged pancreas
Definition
How do you diagnose pancreatitis?
Term
Chronic Pancreatitis
Definition
Recurrent acute episodes of pancreatitis or chronic pain from ongoing low-level inflammation
Term
Smoking

Chronic pancreatitis

Obesity

Long term diabetes
Definition
What are the risk factors of pancreatic cancer?
Term
NOTHING
Definition
WHAT ARE THE EARLY SYMPTOMS OF PANCREATIC CANCER?
Term
Mid-abdominal pain
“Gnawing”, “visceral”
May radiate to the back

Weight loss next most common

Jaundice
Due to biliary tract occlusion
Definition
What are the later symptoms of pancreatic cancer?
Term
Very poor, worst kind of cancer to get
Definition
What is the prognosis of pancreatic cancer?
Term
Appendicitis
Definition
Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix
Term
APPENDICITIS
Definition
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON ABDOMINAL SURGICAL EMERGENCY?
Term
ABDOMINAL PAIN, RLQ
Definition
WHAT IS THE MAIN SYMPTOM OF APPENDICITIS?
Term
Dietary factors
Increase risk with high fat & meat, low fiber

HPV for rectal cancer

Inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
Definition
What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Definition
Chronic & idiopathic inflammation of the intestinal tract
Term
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
Definition
What are the two clinical forms of inflammatory bowel disease?
Term
DIARRHEA, CRAMPING PAIN, RECTAL BLEEDING, PASSAGE OF MUCUS
Definition
SYMPTOMS OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Term
RECURRENT EPISODES OF RLQ ABDOMINAL PAIN
Definition
SYMPTOMS OF CROHN'S DISEASE?
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