Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Patho Test 2 - Neurological disorders part II
Powerpoint study
69
Anatomy
Graduate
06/20/2016

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Seizure
Definition
A paroxysmal event characterized by abnormal excessive and synchronized discharge of CNS neurons ***
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
A condition characterized by recurrent seizures caused by a chronic, underlying process.***
Term
Drug withdrawal
High fever (esp. in infants, young children)
Infections (i.e. menningitis)
Vasovagal or orthostatic syncope
Definition
Isolated (Non-recurring) Seizures can be associated with what?
Term
Primary is idiopathic or constitutional, with onset usually before age 20
Secondary is due to outside influence such as intracranial neoplasms, head trauma, meningitis, ect.
Definition
What is the difference in primary and secondary epilepsy?
Term
Tonic-Clonic Seisure
Definition
Type of seizure with Loss of consciousness, rigidity, cessation of respiration
Term
1 Minute or less
2-3 Minutes
Definition
How long does the tonic phase last in a tonic clonic seizure? What about the clonic phase?
Term
Tonic phase
Clonic phase
Flaccid coma
Post-ictal phase
Definition
What are the four phases of a tonic clonic seizure?
Term
Post-Ictal Phase
Definition
Stage where there is

Headache and/or confusion

Fatigue, lethargy, malaise
Many will desire sleep

Muscle soreness

Duration of this phase: several to many hours
Term
Status Epilepticus
Definition
Repetitive seizures and…

Consciousness not regained between seizure or…

A seizure lasting > 5 minutes

Represents a Medical Emergency
Term
Try to help prevent injuries
During initial fall to the ground
During clonic phase by removing nearby objects
Do not try to restrain any movements
Do not insert anything into patient’s mouth
After seizure roll patient onto either side to facilitate oral cavity drainage
Call for medical help if status epilepticus occurs
Definition
Grand-mal (tonic clonic seizure) First Aid
Term
Enhance inhibitory CNS influences
Increase GABA neurotransmitter activity

Reduce excitatory CNS influences
Decrease glutamate neurotransmitter activity

Modulate ionic conductance
Definition
Anti-seizure Strategy
Term
Abrupt withdrawal of treatment ***
Definition
What may trigger frequent seizures and status epilepticus?
Term
3 years
Definition
How long should a patient be seizure free before considering gradual withdrawal of medications?
Term
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Definition
Characterized by areas of demyelination in the CNS ***
Inflammatory damage (probably autoimmune)
Followed by gliosis (scarring)
These lesion vary in time and location
Term
Relapsing-Remitting MS
Definition
Type of MS where Initial symptoms resolve or significantly improve over a span of weeks to months

Interval of months to years follows until new lesions develop which cause new symptoms

Eventually the remissions after each attack are less complete and the patient experiences increasing disability
Term
Primary Progressive
Definition
Type of MS where there is Abrupt onset and steady progression
Remissions rare and incomplete
Term
Secondary Progressive
Definition
Type of MS where After an initial relapsing-remitting phase, the disease progresses steadily
Term
Limb weakness, numbness or tingling

Spastic paraparesis of various muscle groups

Optic neuritis (vision loss)

Diplopia (double vision)

Loss of control of bladder or rectal sphincters

Vertigo
Definition
Common MS Symptoms
Term
Interferon
Definition
What is the gold standard of MS treatment?
Term
Dementia
Definition
A progressive, irreversible decline in mental function
Term
Age
Female gender
Head injury
Chronic diseases: atherosclerosis, diabetes
Definition
Risk enhancers for dementia
Term
Education & intellectual stimulation
Social interaction & physical exercise
Medications: statins & NSAIDs
Definition
Risk reducers for dementia
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Vascular dementia (multiple cerebral infarcts)
Definition
Most common cause of dementia
Second most common cause of dementia
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
Steady decline of intellectual and neurologic function
Memory
Speech
Motor functions
Term
Palliative
Definition
Means to slow disease progression
Term
“Plaques & tangles”

Plaques of beta amyloid
AΒ42

Tangles of tau proteins
Definition
Alzheimer’s Pathophysiology
Term
Secondary much more common
Primary tumors are usually single
Secondary tumors are usually multiple
Definition
Primary vs. Secondary CNS tumor characteristics
Term
Astrocytomas
Definition
What is the most common glioma?
Term
Microadenomas: less than 10mm
Macrodenomas: 10 or more mm
Definition
What are the two tumor size definitions of pituitary tumors?
Term
Hormone secretion symptoms
Visual field symptoms
Definition
What are the two major pituitary tumor symptoms?
Term
galactorrhea & hypogonadism
Definition
When the pituitary tumor affects Prolactin what happens?
Term
Cushing’s syndrome
Definition
When the pituitary tumor affects ACTH what happens?
Term
acromegaly or gigantism
Definition
When the pituitary tumor affects Growth hormone what happens?
Term
compression on the optic chiasm
Definition
How do visual field deficits occur in pituitary tumors?
Term
Headache (chief complain in 30%)***
Seizures***
Nausea, vomiting
Definition
What are the general CNS tumor symptoms?
Term
Personality changes
Intellectual decline
Definition
In specific CNS symptoms, what happens when the tumor is in the frontal lobe?
Term
Seizures with olfactory or gustatory hallucinations
Déjà vu or jamais vu
Definition
In specific CNS symptoms, what happens when the tumor is in the temporal lobe?
Term
Sensory and motor deficits
Spontaneous pain syndromes
Definition
In specific CNS symptoms, what happens when the tumor is in the parietal lobe?
Term
Visual field defects
Visual agnosia
Definition
In specific CNS symptoms, what happens when the tumor is in the occipital lobe?
Term
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Cranial nerve palsies
Definition
In specific CNS symptoms, what happens when the tumor is in the brainstem/cerebellum?
Term
Good
Definition
Prognosis for pituitary tumors?
Term
Usually good
Definition
Prognosis for meningiomas?
Term
Usually poor
Definition
Prognosis for astrocytomas?
Term
bioengineered polio virus***
Virus altered so it can only reproduce in cancer cells
Releases toxins into the cancer cells
Also stimulates immune system reaction
Definition
What is the new treatment approach for glioblastomas?
Term
Migraine
Definition
A benign (not associated with increased mortality) and recurring syndrome of headache associated with other symptoms of neurologic dysfunction
Term
Moderate to severe headache
Often unilateral
“Throbbing”, “pulsating”

With associated symptoms:
Nausea (87%)
Photophobia (82%)
Lightheadedness (72%)
Visual disturbances (36%)
Definition
Migraine Characteristics
Term
Prodrome
Definition
symptoms hours or days before headache
Mood changes, food cravings, stiff neck muscles
Term
Aura
Definition
symptoms minutes before the headache
Visual: scintillations
Sensory: “pins & needles”, numbness
Motor: hemiplegic weakness
Term
Cluster headaches
(clustered in time 4-8 weeks)
Definition
Episodes of severe headaches
Usually occur at night
Usually unilateral periorbital headache for up to 3 hours
Often with unilateral nasal & eye symptoms
Term
Middle aged male
Definition
What is the typical patient for a cluster headache?
Term
Supplemental oxygen***
Definition
What is often useful in treatment for a cluster type headache?
Term
Limbic cortex
Definition
Dopamine excess in this location is associated with psychotic behavior
Term
Serotonin (5HT)
Definition
Neurotransmitter Prominent in midbrain and brainstem
Especially Pons

Involved with visceral control
Sleep
Temperature
Appetite
Neuroendocrine
Term
Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA)
Definition
Neurotransmitter that Usually inhibits neuronal depolarization
Makes neuronal discharge less likely

Present in many CNS areas
Term
Reactive (secondary, exogenous)
Definition
What depression type is Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
Term
Endogenous
Definition
What depression type is Major depressive disorder
Term
Bipolar affective disorder
Definition
What depression type is Manic-depressive illness
Term
Lowered mood, sadness, difficulty in thinking & concentrating
Loss of interest, diminished involvement in work and recreation
Definition
What are the symptoms of most types of depression?
Term
Suicidal ideation
Psychomotor retardation or agitation
Physical symptoms: anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, somatic complaints
Definition
What are the symptoms of severe depression?
Term
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Definition
Commonly used to treat chronic depression

Also Used for:
Eating Disorders (Bulimia/anorexia)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Panic Attacks
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Term
2-6 weeks
Definition
What is the length of time from lag time to full effect of SSRI's?
Term
Essentially no risk from intentional overdose
Better side-effect profile
Definition
What are the benefits of SSRI's to other anti-depressents?
Term
Sleep disturbances

Appetite changes (usually increased)

Sexual dysfunction
Diminished drive
Orgasmic dysfunction
Definition
Side Effects of SSRI
Term
First few months (patient may gain sufficient energy to attempt suicide)
Definition
When is the risk of suicide highest in depression treatment?
Term
Teens and young adults <25 (may be due to increase in impulsive behavior)
Definition
In what age group does suicide risk go way up with antidepressants?
Term
Bipolar Affective Disorder
Definition
Disorder characterized by episodes of depression (often severe) alternating with periods of manic behavior
Term
Usual treatment choices for the depression phase


Lithium carbonate to stop and then prevent manic phase
Definition
Bipolar Treatment
Term
Psychosis
Definition
Diminished capacity to recognize reality

Characterized by:
Delusions
Hallucinations
Abnormal Cognition
Genius not excluded
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
Peak age of onset is teen years & early 20’s

Chronic and often progressive mental illness

Characterized by…
Social withdrawal, decline in personal hygiene
Flight of ideas
Autistic absorption in inner thoughts
Concrete thinking and difficulty with abstract thought
Delusions, hallucinations
Supporting users have an ad free experience!