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Patho Exam 3
Raj Exam 3 UGACOP F11
202
Anatomy
Professional
09/25/2011

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Term
Multipolar Neuron
Definition
many dendrites and an axon
Term
Biopolar Neuron
Definition
a dendrite and an axon
Term
Unipolar Neuron
Definition
an axon with no dendrites
Term
Functions of Nervous System
Definition
Sensory Input
Integration
Control of Muscle and Glands
Homeostasis & Mental Activity
Term
CNS
Definition
Brain + Spinal Cord
Term
PNS
Definition
Sensory Receptors + Nerves
Term
# and Origin of Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 pairs- from brain
Term
# and origin of spinal nerves
Definition
31 pairs - spinal cord
Term
Function of Sensory Receptors
Definition
detect temp, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odors, etc. @ ends of neurons or as specialized cells
Term
Nerve
Definition
bundle of axons and their sheaths that connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
Term
Ganglion
Definition
collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS
Term
Plexus
Definition
extensive network of axons and neuron cell bodies outside CNS
Term
Sensory Division
Definition
afferent - division of PNS
Action potentials from receptors to CNS
Term
Motor Division
Definition
efferent - division of PNS
transmit action potential from CNS to effector
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
division of Motor division of PNS
single neuron synapse, from CNS to skeletal muscles
voluntary movements
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
motor division of PNS
from CNS to smooth Muscle, cardiac muscle and etc.
subconscious/involuntary control
Term
2 neuron system
Definition
in Autonomic Nervous System
1. from CNS to Ganglion
2. from Ganglion to effector
Term
Sympathetic
Definition
division of ANS
prepares body for physical activity
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
division of ANS
regulates resting/vegetative functions
Term
Enteric
Definition
division of ANS
plexuses within cell wall of digestive tract
Can operate independently of CNS but has combo of para and sympathetic
Term
Organization of the Nervous System
Definition
Receptor - Sensory Ns - CNS - Motor NS - Effector
Term
Glial Cells
Definition
aka neuroglia
support and protect neurons
Term
Neurons
Definition
aka Nerve Cells
receive stimuli and transmit action potentials
Term
Cell Body of Neuron
Definition
location of protein synthesis
aka Nissl Substance
Term
Dendrites of Neuron
Definition
short and often highly branched
Term
Trigger Zone
Definition
site where action potentials are generated
axon hillock and part of axon nearest cell body
Term
Interneurons/Association Neurons
Definition
within CNS transmit signals from one neuron to another
Term
Types of Glial Cells
Definition
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, schwann cells
Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition
protect neurons from toxic substances
allows for exchange of neurons and waste products, prevent fluctuations in blood affect brain fnc.
Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
Glial Cells of CNS
line brain ventricle and sometimes form choroid plexus
Term
Microglia
Definition
Glial Cells of CNS
specialized macrophages
respond to inflammation or CNS invasive microorg.
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Glial Cells of CNS
form myelin sheaths around axons
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Glial cells of PNS
wrap around only 2 axon as a myelin sheath
Term
Age at which myelination is complete
Definition
1 year
Term
White Matter
Definition
myelinated axons
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Unmyelinated axons
Term
Membrane Ion Concentration
Definition
Na & Cl high on outside
K high on Inside
Term
Ligand-Gated
Definition
molecule binds to a receptor
usually a protein or glycoprotein (ACh)
Term
Leak Channels
Definition
always open - and specific for 1 type of ion
many more of these for K and Cl
Term
Voltage-gated
Definition
open or close in response to small voltage changes across membrane
Term
Membrane @ rest
Definition
more negative on inside
Term
Touch/Temperature receptors
Definition
type of gated channels that respond to mechanical/temp changes on skin
Term
Potential Difference
Definition
Unequal distribution of charge exists between immediate inside and immediate outside
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Decrease in Resting Membrane Potential
Difference becomes smaller or less polar
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
Increase in RMP
Difference becomes greater or more polar
Term
Depolarization phase of action potentials
Definition
1st phase of action potentials
more positive
Term
Repolarization phase of action potentials
Definition
follows depolarization phase
more negative - may get slight hyperpolarization
Term
Absolute Refractory Period
Definition
complete insensitivity to other stimulus
Term
Relative Refractory Period
Definition
stronger than threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential
Term
Action Potentials can't move backwards because...
Definition
initial action potential site is depolarized yielding one-way conduction of impulse
Term
Axon Diameter
Definition
large diameter axons conduct more rapidly than small due to surface area and more voltage-gated Na channels
Term
Type A Nerve Fiber
Definition
large diameter; myelinated
motor neurons for skeletal and sensory neurons
Term
Type B Nerve Fiber
Definition
medium diameter; lightly myelinated
part of ANS
Term
Type C Nerve Fiber
Definition
small diameter; unmyelinated
part of ANS
Term
Chemical Synapses
Definition
neurotransmitters released by action potentials into presynaptic terminal; bind to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
Term
Neurotransmitter types
Definition
can be excitatory or inhibitory
can also be multifunctional (norepinephrine)
Term
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
Definition
depolarization occurs and produces stimulation
might reach threshold producing action potential
Term
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
Definition
Hyperpolarization and inhibition
decrease action potentials by moving membrane potential farther from threshold
Term
Convergent Pathway
Definition
pathways converge and synapse with smaller number of neurons
synthesis of data in brain
Term
Divergent Pathway
Definition
small # of presynaptic neurons synapse with large # of postsynaptic neurons
Term
Brainstem
Definition
connects spinal cord to brain
several components: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular formation
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
involved in control of locomotion, balance and posture
learning motor skills
Term
Diencephalon is made of:
Definition
thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
conscious thought and control
Basal Nuclei and Limbic System
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
part of brainstem
pathway for ascending/descending nerve tracts
Regulate Heart Rate, Respiration, Swallowing, Vomiting, Hiccupping, coughing, sneezing
Term
Pons
Definition
part of brainstem
contains ascending/descending nerve tracts
relay b/t cerebrum and cerebellum
Sleep Center
Term
Midbrain
Definition
part of brainstem
contains ascending/descending nerve tracts
visual reflexes and part of auditory pathway
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
controls cyclic activities such as sleep-wake cycle and menstrual cycle
Term
Thalamus
Definition
major sensory relay center
mood and movement
Term
Subthalamus
Definition
contains nerve tracts + nuclei
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation
also contains PINEAL BODY
Term
Hypothalmus
Definition
maintaining homeostasis
regulating endocrine function
Term
Pyramids of Medulla Oblongata
Definition
Descending Nerve Tracts
each 1/2 of brain controls opposite side of body
Term
Olives of Medulla Oblongata
Definition
nuclei that help regulate balance, coordination, modulation and sound
Term
Corpora Quadrigemina
Definition
4 colliculi involved in visual reflexes and in hearing
part of midbrain of brainstem
Term
Purkinje Cells
Definition
larges in CNS
inhibitory; 200,000 synapses
Term
Lateral Hemispheres of Cerebellum
Definition
works with cerebrum to learn complex movements
Term
Vermis of Cerebellum
Definition
posture, locomotion, fine motor movements
Term
Flocculonodular lobe of Cerebellum
Definition
balance and eye movements
Term
Functions of Thalamus
Definition
Motor, Mood, Emotion, Sensory
Term
Components of Epithalamus
Definition
Pineal Gland - regulate biological clock, onset of puberty
Habenular Nucleus - response to odor
Term
Components of Hypothalamus
Definition
Mammilary Body - olfactory reflexes
Infundibulum - control endocrine system
(mood, sexual pleasure, rage, fear, satisfaction)
Term
Longitudinal Fissure
Definition
separates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum
Term
Lateral Fissure
Definition
separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Gyri
Definition
folds
Term
Sulci
Definition
Depressions
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
voluntary motor function, motivation, agressions, smell and mood
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Reception of sensory info except smell, hearing and vision
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
reception and integration of visual input
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
reception of smell and hearing
memory, abstract thought, judgement
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
Important for motor function control
cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain
Term
Limbic System
Definition
basic survival functions (memory, reprod, nutrition)
emotions
cerebrum and diencephalon
Term
Order of Meninges
Definition
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Term
Arachnoid Mater & Subdural Space
Definition
between dura and arachnoid
small amount of serous fluid within
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
thin delicate CT Membrane closely adhered to brain
follows external contours of brain
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
bathes brain and spinal cord
protective cushion around CNS
Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
formed by specialized epidermal cells
produce CSF
Term
Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Definition
endothelial cells attached by tight junctions
substances must pass through cells not between
Term
Brain (Blood Supply)
Definition
interruption can cause brain damage
receives blood through arteries
Term
BBB Permeability
Definition
Lipid Soluble - pass through by diffusion
Water Soluble - pass through by mediated transport
Term
Spinal Cord Length
Definition
From Foramen magnum to 2nd Lumbar
4 Segments; 2 additional segments with differing diameters
Term
Spinal Meninges
Definition
Dura, Arachnoid, Pia
Term
Epidural space
Definition
where anesthesia is injected
blood vessels, connective tissue and fat
Term
Subarachnoid Space of Spinal Cord
Definition
CSP and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue
Term
Pia Mater of Spinal Cord
Definition
bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord
Term
Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
Definition
deep clefts partially separating right and left halves of spinal cord
Term
Roots of Spinal cord
Definition
spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form roots
Term
Babinski Sign
Definition
positive in adults is considered a pathological symptom; normal in <2 yrs old
Term
Reflex Arc
Definition
neural pathway that mediates a reflex action
basic functional unit of nervous system
Term
Most sensory neurons synapse where?
Definition
spinal cord - allows for relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons without delay of routing signals through the brain
Term
Autonomic Reflex Arc
Definition
affecting inner organs
Term
Somatic Reflex Arc
Definition
Affecting Muscles
Term
Homeostatic
Definition
automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought
Term
Reflex Variety
Definition
Higher brain centers can influence, suppress, or exaggerate reflex responses
Term
Stretch Reflex
Definition
Muscles contract in response to a stretching force;
UNIQUE B/C NO Interneuron
Term
Motor Neurons involved in Stretch Reflex
Definition
Gamma Motor Neurons - control sensitivity of muscle spindle
Term
Golgi Tendon Reflex
Definition
prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons
produces sudden relaxation of the muscles
Term
Withdrawal Reflex
Definition
functions is to remove a body limb or other part from painful stimulus
Term
Reciprocal Innervation
Definition
causes relaxation of extensor muscles when flexor muscle contracts - also in stretch reflex
Term
Crossed Extensor Reflex
Definition
when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb
Term
Neurotransmitter effects
Definition
produce either EPSP or IPSP which modify the reflex
Term
Peripheral Nerve Components
Definition
Axon bundles, Schwann Cells
Connective tissue (Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium)
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
surrounds individual nerves
Term
Perineurium
Definition
surrounds axon groups
Term
Epineurium
Definition
surrounds the entire nerve
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 pair
1st pair exit vertebral b/t skull and atlas
last 4 pair exit ia sacral foramina
Term
Divisions of Spinal Nerves
Definition
8 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar & sacral
1 - coccygeal
Term
Dorsal Ramus
Definition
innervate deep muscles of trunk; responsible for vertebral column mvmts; and skin near midline of back
Term
Ventral Ramus
Definition
several different regions of spinal cord involved
Term
Neuroexam History
Definition
focus on why pt seeks medical attn.
recorded in pt's OWN words, not diagnostic
Term
Important info for Neuroexam history
Definition
Past Medical history
Social History
Family History
Onset of symptoms
Term
Observations of Neuroexam
Definition
pt: behavior, attitude, appearance, ability to answer questions and concentrate
Term
Continuum of Consciousness
Definition
degree of consciousness
alert, lethargic, obtunded, stuporous, comatose
Term
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Definition
malfunction of trigem nerve (sensation from face>brain)
bouts of severe pain in face
Term
Bell's Palsy
Definition
abnormality of facial nerve that leads to sudden weakness or paralysis of muscles on ONE side of face
Unknown cause - maybe lack of blood supply
Term
Treatment for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Definition
anti seizure drugs, antidepressants, or sever the nerve
Term
Treatment for Bell's Palsy
Definition
some corticosteriods, most symptoms subside
Term
Cerebral Angiography
Definition
Invasive - cerebrovascular blood flow
catheter into femoral artery, contrast medium, x-ray films to study flow of dye; potential for iodine allergy
Term
Digital Subtraction Angiography
Definition
Invasive - without interference from bone and tissue
Visualize cerebral blood flow, aneurysms, tumor, hematomas
Term
Radioisotope Brain Scan
Definition
Invasive - introduce radionuclide substances
BBB integrity, abnormal vascularity, blood flow dynamics, ischemic/infarcted areas
Term
Electromyography
Definition
Invasive - needles in muscles w/ electrical signals
differentiate muscle disease from neurologic disorder
Term
Lumbar Puncture
Definition
Invasive - measure CSF and collect CSF from L3-L5
curl in ball, don't use if increase spinal pressure - could cause hernia
Term
Positive Emission Tomographic Scan (PET)
Definition
Invasive - metabolic states of tissue
radioactive glucose indicates tissue use of energy
study brain blood flow and metabolic activity
Alzheimer, Parkinson, MS
Term
Brain Stem Evoked Potentials
Definition
Non - detect electrical brain activity resulting from external stimulus
Term
Computed Tomography Scan (CT)
Definition
Non - used to show structure but not FNC of brain
hemorrhages, tumor, brain pressure differences
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
Non - magnetic field used to take pictures of head
can't be seen on X-ray, ultrasound of CT
tumors, infarctions, vascular abnormalities
Term
Electronystagmogram (ENG)
Definition
non - insert air or water at different temps and record activity of eye muscle movements to test vestibular fnc
Term
Echoencephalography (ultrasound)
Definition
Non - use sound wave that are deflected depending on density of tissue to see structural characteristics
Term
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Definition
Non - recording of electrical impulses arising from cortical surface of brain
seizure activity or brain-dead
Term
Brain Trauma
Definition
injury to brain possibly producing intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes
Term
Blunt Trauma
Definition
closed, non missile
hard strike to head, no exposure to environment
focal or diffuse injury
Term
Open Trauma
Definition
Penetrating, missile
breaks dura and exposes contents to environment
FOCAL injury
Term
Coup Injury
Definition
directly below point of impact
Term
Contrecoup Injury
Definition
on the pole opposite site of impact
Term
Focal Injury
Definition
observable brain lesion
usually impact causes contusions:
causing hematomas or hemorrhage
Term
Subdural Hematoma
Definition
between dura membrane and arachnoid membrane
Term
Epidural Hematoma
Definition
between dura and skull
Term
Intracerebral Hematoma
Definition
within brain parenchyma
Term
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Definition
Shaking, inertial affect
shearing, tearing, stretching of nerve fibers
Term
Types of DAI
Definition
Mild/Classical Concussion
Mild/Moderate/Severe DAI
Term
Mild Concussion
Definition
temporary axonal disturbances causing attn and memory deficits but no loss of consciousness
3 levels
Term
1st level mild concussion
Definition
confusion, disorientation and momentary amnesia
Term
2nd level mild concussion
Definition
momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia
Term
3rd level of mild concussion
Definition
confusion with retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Term
Classic Concussion (grade 4)
Definition
loss of consciousness (<6hrs)
both types of amnesia
Term
Intracranial Pressure
Definition
rise above 33 mm Hg reduces cerebral blooed flow
Term
Cushing's Response
Definition
Increased ICP can cause hypertension and bradycardia
Term
Increase ICP manifestations
Definition
Headache, Papilledema, Vomiting
Term
Craniotomy
Definition
ligate(tie off) any bleeding vessels or to evacuate hematomas or penetrating objects
Term
Hypothermia
Definition
used to treat head injury
Term
Glasgow Coma Scale
Definition
rate coma in motor, verbal and eye responses
Term
Brain Death
Definition
Neurologic Death - when brain damage leaves no potential for recovery and can no longer maintain homeostasis of body
Term
Cerebral Death
Definition
neurologic death - irreversible coma
death of cerebral hemispheres
vegetable; brain can still maintain homeostasis
Term
Criteria for Brain Death
Definition
Unresponsive Coma, No apnea, absent cephalic reflexes, flat EEG
Term
Causes of Coma (1)
Definition
T - Trauma
I - infection
P - Psychiatric problems
S - space-occupying lesions
Term
Causes of Coma (2)
Definition
A - alcohol
E - endocrine
I - insulin
O - lower O2
U - Uremia
Term
Vegetative State
Definition
wakeful unconscious state
specific diagnostic criteria
Term
Decorticate posturing
Definition
flexion of arms, wrists and fingers and extension of legs-results from lesions of cerebral hemisphere
Term
Decerebrate posturing
Definition
rigidity of arms and legs with palms turned away from body with stiffly extended legs
Term
Apnea
Definition
no breathing
Term
Left Hemisphere lesion
Definition
localization of pain with left hand and flexion or extension on the right
Term
Subcortical
Definition
unilateral left sided lesion exerting a variable contralateral
Term
Midbrain upper pontine
Definition
bilateral upper and lower limb extension response
Term
Lower pontine/medularry
Definition
bilateral extensor upper limb posture with either flaccidity or minimal diminished flexor response in lower limbs
Term
Spinal Cord Injury
Definition
highest in young males aged 15-30
Term
Accerlation-deceleration Injury
Definition
injury occurs in motor vehicle collisions
Sudden stop of mvmt causes Hyperflexion/hyperexte
Cervical Injury
Term
Excessive Rotation Injury
Definition
if of the head may also rupture ligaments, fracture vertebrae or cause tension trauma to the cord
Cervical Injury
Term
Axial loading (vertical compression) Injury
Definition
usual mechanism of the injury in diving accidents and sports injuries
T12-L2
Term
Penetrating Trauma Injury
(other than bone fragments)
Definition
uncommon cause of spinal cord injury
bullets, knives, or other penetrating object
Term
Complete Quadriplegia
Definition
level of injury above C6
all extremity function is lost
Term
Incomplete Quadriplegia
Definition
function @ or above C6 is preserved
shoulder, arm and some forearm muscle control still exists
Term
Types of Secondary Injury
Definition
Edema & Hemorrhage
extend the area of lesion
Term
Spinal Shock
Definition
represent functional disruption of neurotransmission
may persist for days to weeks
Term
Post Spinal Shock
Definition
reflexes may become hyper-reflexic because of absence of inhibitors; muscle/bladder spasms for example
Term
Most common injuries
Definition
Hyperextension, hyperflexion, rotational (all cervical)
vertebral compression (T12-L2)
Term
Locations of most vertebral injuries
Definition
C1-C2 & C4-C7 (Cervical)
T12 to L2 (Thoracic to Lumbar)
Term
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
(Autonomic Dysreflexia)
Definition
Life threatening condition in response to stimulation of internal organs after spinal shock has worn off
@ or above T7 and 1-12 weeks after injury
Term
Autonomic Hyperreflexia symptoms
Definition
onset of hypertension, SNS is hyperactive, bradycardia, cardiac failure or stroke
Term
Treatment for Autonomic Hyperrfelxia
Definition
elevate bed to 45degrees to decrease BP
Remove noxious stimulus by providing bladder/bowel relief
ganglionic blocker
Term
Syringomyelia
Definition
fluid-filled cavity forms and extends within central part of lesion
extends lesion and causes additional disfunction
Term
Chronic and Phantom Pain
Definition
develop months to years after injury, pain despite loss of sensory pathways
dendrites may sprout as tissue heals
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