Term
| What is hypostatic congestion, and why is this useful? |
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Definition
pooling of blood in a dead animal due to gravity
-can tell what position it was in when it died |
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Term
| What is nutmeg liver? What causes it? |
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Definition
Chronic passive congestion in a liver, often due to right-sided heart failure or anemia
Right-sided heart failure = venous congestion = Zone 3 cells not drained = ischemic necrosis
Zone 1 cells will be spared (at first) |
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Term
| Characteristics of degenerate cells (injured but not dying) |
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Definition
-swollen
-hypereosinophilic
-lipid in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Why do cells suffering from moderate hypoxia exhibit signs of lipidosis? |
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Definition
Sublethal injury inhibits their ability to properly process & export fats, so the TGs accumulate in the cytoplasm
(bc less mito function = less TP produced = less lipoprotein synthesis for lipid excretion) |
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Term
| Common problems associated with right-sided heart failure |
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Definition
-ascites
-nutmeg liver (zone 3 cells necrotic, 2 lipidotic, 1 ok)
-dark lung bc of congested blood |
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Term
| Common problems associated with left-sided heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-congestion in lungs bc of left-sided heart failure
-blood accumulates in lungs, macrophages phagocytize the RBCs
-hemosiderin accumulating in alveolar macrophages |
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Term
| Why is congestion significant? |
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Definition
-indicates vascular circulation is impaired
-increased risk of thrombosis
-will see edema
-increased risk of hypoxic necrosis, infarction etc |
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Term
| Why would a horse with conjuctivitis exhibit hyperemic sclera? |
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Definition
-inflammation of the conjuctiva = vasodilation & increased blood flow
inflammation promotes hyperemia! |
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Term
| When fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, this is called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leaking of blood cells & plasma into interstitium |
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Term
| What are petichiea or ecchymoses? What might cause them? |
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Definition
small (pinpoint) hemorrhages
-leaking of RBCs due to vasculutis, bacterial septicemia etc. (anything that causes a little bit of damage to endothelium) |
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Term
| A tissue has streaks of deep red along its length. What is this called? What might cause this? |
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Definition
ecchymotic hemorrhage (paintbrush hemorrhage)
-canine parvovirus (intestines)
-bluetong virus (sheep diaphragm) |
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Term
| Blood accumulation in the pericardial sac is called ____. This is due to... |
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Definition
hemoparicardium
rupture/laceration/damage to a cardiac vessel or the myocardium |
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Term
| Blood accumulation in the peritoneal cavity is called ____. This can be due to... |
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Definition
hemoperitoneum
laceration of an organ inside (e.g. liver/spleen/splanchnic blood vessel), anticoagulant congestion (e.g. warfarin) |
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Term
| What is cardiac temponade? |
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Definition
| compression of the heart due to fluid accumulating around it (hydroperitoneum) |
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Term
| What factors might affect the significance of hemorrhage? |
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Definition
-where it is (e.g. heart vs skin)
-rate & volume of blood loss |
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Term
| What might cause hemorrhage? |
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Definition
-direct physical trauma
-vessel defect e.g. aneurysm
-clotting defect e.g. due to endotoxemia, deficiency of clotting factors |
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Term
| How does the body handle hemorrhages? |
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Definition
-reabsorption
-RBCs are broken down -> hemosiderin released
-hematomas may be converted to connective tissue (called organization) |
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Term
| What forces determine whether edema will occur? |
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Definition
Capillary vs interstitial fluid pressure
Plasma colloid vs interstitial fluid colloid oncotic pressure
(startling forces) |
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Term
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Definition
-increased hydrostatic pressure (capillary pressure) pushing fluid out
-increased vascular permeability e.g. due to inflammation
-loss of plasma osmotic pressure (hypoproteinemia)
-lymphatic obstruction = decreased lymph drainage |
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Term
| Where are you most likely to see edema first? |
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Definition
| loose tissues e.g. CT between muscle & dermis |
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Term
| Why is edema often associated with congestion? |
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Definition
| congestion = increased hydrostatic pressure = more fluid in interstitium = edema |
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Term
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Definition
| edema in lungs = air being forced through the surfactants = creates a white froth |
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Term
| accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood-tinged edema fluid is called |
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Definition
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Term
| What is ascites? What often causes it? |
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Definition
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
-portal hypertension
-hypoproteinemia |
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Term
| What impact does edema have on the body? |
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Definition
-depends on location & duration
-if cause is reversible, then edema is also reversible in early stages
-can impair tissues & organ function (e.g. lungs, heart)
-chronic edema can leave to fibroplasia/fibrosis |
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Term
| Inappropriate coagulation of blood in the lumen of a vessel |
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Definition
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Term
| A mass that travels in the bloodstream and eventually lodges in a vessel |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors predispose an animal to thrombosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some common causes of severe thrombosis |
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Definition
severe trauma (release of tissue factor -> clotting)
sepsis (increased endothelial TF)
vascular injury (sub-endothelial collagen exposed)
shock (ischemia -> necrosis -> clotting) |
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Term
| After a thrombus forms, how does the body handle it? |
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Definition
May move towards heart
May be resolved (healed!)
May move to lungs
May organize, recanalize & become incorporated into the endothelial wall |
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Term
| What happens when an artery organizes & recanalizes around a thrombus? |
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Definition
-macrophages debride
-fibroblasts invade the thrombus (cell proliferation)
-fibrosis attaches clot to wall
-new channels lined by endothelium permeate the thrombus |
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Term
| What is a thromboelbolism? |
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Definition
| thrombus that breaks loose and travels through circulation, becomes lodged elsewhere |
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Term
| A lung of a dog is presented to you, with multifocal black spots which you determine are carbon. What is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
diseminated intravascular coagulation
-severe systemic activation of coagulation system leading to systemic microvascular thrombosis, depletion of clotting factors |
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Term
| A patient presents to you with both systemic thrombosis and hemorrhage. They have lots of thrombi in microcirculation, tissue ischemia and lack of thrombocytes (platelets). What is this issue, and what may have caused it? |
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Definition
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
often due to widespread endothelial injury, or systemic release of tissue factor activating the coagulation cascade
-causes both clotting & hemorrhaging simultaneously |
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