Shared Flashcard Set

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Part 1
starts at fcns ends at urine production *test might end at card 105
101
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/21/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
3 Functions of the Urinary System
Definition
1. Excretion
•Removal of organic wastes from body fluids
2. Elimination
•Discharge of waste products
3. Homeostatic regulation
•Of blood plasma volume and solute concentration
Term
the organ that produce urine
Definition
kidneys
Term
organs that eliminate urine are collectivly called
Definition
urinary tract
Term
components of the Urinary tract
Definition
1.ureters
2.urethra
3.urinary bladder
Term
paired tubes that carry urine to the bladder
Definition
ureters
Term
muscular sac that stores urine
Definition
urinary bladder
Term
exit tube that eliminates urine
Definition
Urethra
Term
process of eliminating urine is called
Definition
Urination / micturition
Term
describe how urination occurs
Definition
Contraction of muscular urinary bladder forces urine through urethra, and out of body
Term
Homeostatic Functions of the Urinary System (5)
Definition

1.Regulates blood volume and blood pressure

2.Regulates plasma ion concentrations 3.Helps stabilize blood pH

4.Conserves valuable nutrients

5.Assists liver

Term
how do the kidneys Regulate blood volume and blood pressure (2)
Definition
1.By adjusting volume of water lost in urine

2.Releasing erythropoietin and renin
Term
how do the kdneys Regulate plasma ion concentrations
Definition
1.Na, K, Cl ions conc.
(by controlling quantities lost in urine)

2.Ca conc by synthesis of calcitriol
Term
how does kidney Help stabilize blood pH
Definition
By controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine
Term
how do the kidneys Conserves valuable nutrients
Definition
prevent them from being excreted in urine (aka they are give back)
Term
how do the kidneys Assists the liver
Definition
In detoxifying poisons
Term
The Kidneys Are located on either side of
Definition
vertebral column
Term
Left kidney lies _____ to right kidney
Definition
superior
Term
Superior surface of kidney is capped by
Definition
adrenal gland
Term

Position of kidney is maintained by:

(4)

Definition

1.Overlying peritoneum (most important) 2•Contact with adjacent visceral organs 3•Supporting connective tissues 

4.The renal fascia

Term
Each Kidney Is Protected and Stabilized
•By what 3 concentric layers of connective tissues?
Definition
1.Fibrous capsule
2.Perinephric fat capsule
3.Renal fascia
Term
Fibrous capsule fcn (1)
made up of (1)
Definition
1.covers outer surface (like kidney is wrapped in plastic wrap)

2.collagen fibers
Term
Perinephric fat capsule 1.made up 2.fcn
Definition

1.A thick layer of adipose tissue 2.Surrounds renal capsule

 


remember capsule surrounding another capsule

Term
1.Renal fascia def
2.fcn
Definition
1.A dense, fibrous outer layer

2.Anchors kidney to surrounding structures
Term
Hilum fcn (2)
Definition
1.Point of entry:
on the medial surface for
renal artery & renal nerves

2.Point of exit:
renal vein & ureter
Term
Internal cavity within kidney
Definition
renal sinus
Term
Renal sinus is lined by
Definition
fibrous renal capsule
Term
fibrous renal capsule is Bound to ____,
which aids to
Definition
1.outer surfaces of structures in renal sinus

2.Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves
Term
Outermost layer of the kidney in contact with renal capsule
Definition
renal cortex
Term
Renal Cortex is Reddish brown and granular due to
Definition
presecence of blood vessels
Term
Bands of cortical tissue separate adjacent renal pyramids
Definition
Renal Columns
Term
Renal Columns extend into
Definition
renal medulla
Term
Renal Columns Have a distinct ___ texture
Definition
granular
Term
6 to 18 distinct conical or triangular structures in renal medulla are called the
Definition
renal pyramids
Term
the Tip of the kidney(aka the ______) projects into renal sinus
Definition
renal papilla
Term
Renal Papilla contain ______
Definition
•Papillary ducts
Term
Papillary ducts fcn
Definition
discharge urine into minor calyx
(a cup-shaped drain)
Term
The final urine enters into the ______ to drain towards the bladder
Definition
(major calcyx) to the bladder via the ureters
Term
Major Calyx is Formed by
Definition
4 or 5 minor calyces
Term
Renal Pelvis fcn
Definition
Receives urine from two or three major calyces
Term
Renal Pelvis fill most of the
Definition
renal sinus
Term
Renal Pelvis is connected
Definition
beginning of ureter
Term
Blood Supply to the Kidneys recieve what %of total cardiac output
Definition
20%–25%
Term
______mL of blood flows through kidneys each minute under resting conditions
Definition
1200
Term
Kidney receives blood through
Definition
renal artery
Term
who Innervates the kidneys and ureters
Definition
renal nerves
Term
Renal Nerves enter kidney at
Definition
hilum
Term
Renal Nerves reach individual nephrons by
Definition
Follow the tributaries of renal arteries
Term
what Adjusts rate of urine formation (neural)
Definition
symphathetic division of ANS
Term
how does the symphathetic division of ANS Adjust the rate of urine formation
Definition

It is reduced

 

by reducing:

blood flow & blood pressure at nephron

Term
reducing the blood flow to the kidney is called
Definition
renal ischemia
Term
the reduction
blood flow & blood pressure at nephron causes what hormone to be released?
Definition
renin
Term
the Microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each renal lobe are the
Definition
nephrons
Term
nephron fcn
Definition
Where urine production begins
Term
Nephrons concists of (2)
Definition
renal tubule & renal corpuscle
Term
Renal tubule def
Definition
Long tubular passageway that Begins at renal corpuscle

(plumbing of the kidney)
Term
Renal corpuscle componets (3)
Definition

Spherical structure consisting of: 1•Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) 2•Cup-shaped chamber

3•Capillary network (glomerulus aka the glomerulus &its surrounding capsule

Term
Glomerulus def
Definition
Consists of 50 intertwining capillaries
Term
Filtration of plasma Occurs in
Definition
renal corpuscle
Term
how does Blood pressure affect filtration of plasma
Definition
Forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space

=Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) (similar to blood plasma)
Term
3 Functions of the Renal Tubule
Definition

1.Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate

2.Reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate

3.Secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus

Term
Renal Tubules are located
Definition
renal cortex
Term
Segments of the Renal Tubule (2)
Definition
1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Term
Proximal & distal convoluted tubule
are Separated by the
Definition
loop of Henle(nephron loop)
Term
shape pf nephron loop
Definition
u shaped
Term
nephron loop located
Definition
medulla (partially)
Term
Each Nephron Empties into the
Definition
collecting system
Term
collecting system def
Definition
A series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron
Term
Collecting ducts
begins in
descends into
Definition
cortex
medulla
Term
Glomerular capsule aka
Definition
Bowman's Capsule
Term
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Is connected to (1)
Definition

initial segment of renal tubule

 

(proximal tubule)

Term
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule forms
Definition
outer wall of renal corpuscle


remember renal corpuscle (glomerulus & its capsule)
Term
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Encapsulates
Definition
glomerular capillaries
Term
main fcn of bowman's capsule
Definition
Filtration occurs here
Term
The Glomerular Capsule :Outer wall is lined by __ epithelium
Definition
simple squamous

•(Continuous with visceral epithelium that covers glomerular capillaries)
Term
The Glomerular Capsule is seperated by
Definition
capsular space
Term
In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of large specialized cells called
Definition
podocytes
Term
podocytes contain what structure?(1)
fcn of these
Definition
feet called ,pedicels,

that wrap around specialized dense layer of glomerular capillaries
Term
Are narrow gaps between adjacent pedicels
Definition
filtration slits
Term
filtration slits allows (1)
Definition

small Materials from blood to enter

 glomerulus 

Term
The Filtration Barrier Membrane In the Renal Corpuscle Consists of what 3 layers?
Definition

1•Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus

2•Dense layer of the glomerulus 3•Podocyte filtration slits

Term
again how does Blood pressure affect filtration in kidney
Definition
forces water and small solutes across membrane into capsular space ONLY!
Term
is filtration active or passive?
what is not allowed?
Definition
passive
NO: Larger solutes, such as plasma proteins
Term
what Solutes CAN enter capsular space (6)
Definition

1.Metabolic wastes

2.excess ions

3.Glucose

4.free fatty acids

5.amino acids

6.vitamins

Term
what is the purpose of reabsorption, where does this take place?
Definition
Useful materials are recaptured before filtrate leaves kidneys

proximal tubules
Term
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle) contains

located in
Definition
descending LIMB
ascending LIMB
remember its U shaped

medulla
Term
each limb in nephron loop has a
Definition
thin segment
thick segment
Term
The Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC) is made up (2)
Definition
an endocrine organ made up of the 1.Macula densa
2.Juxtaglomerular cells
Term
Juxtaglomerular cells are
Definition
Smooth muscle fibers in wall of in afferent arterioles
Term
The Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC) secretes (2)
Definition
•Hormone erythropoietin
•Enzyme renin
Term
what is the macula densa & where is it found?
Definition
the grp pf closely packed cells of the distal convoluted tubule near the renal corpuscle
Term
Macula Densa  physical appearence (2)
Definition
Tall cells with densely clustered nuclei
Term
Juxtaglomerular Cells are associated with what other cell type?
Definition
cells of macula densa
Term
The Collecting System fcns (3)
Definition
1.Transports tubular fluid from nephron to renal pelvis

2.Adjusts fluid composition

3.Determines final osmotic concentration and volume of urine
Term
Glomerulonephritis def
Definition
An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys
Term
Glomerulonephritis May occur as a consequence of
Definition
an infection with the bacterium Streptococcus
Term
Polycystic kidney disease def
Definition
An inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules
Term
The Kidneys Usually produce what concentration of urine
compare this range to plama concentration
Definition
1200–1400 mOsm/L (
four times plasma concentration)
Term
Failure to concentrate filtrate by glomerular filtration leads to ______ which is also known as ______
Definition
1.fatal dehydration
2.renal failure
Term
ex of organic waste products that kidney removes (3)
Definition
urea,
creatinine,
uric acid
Term
Basic Processes of Urine Formation (3) & give who does it
Definition
1.Filtration: glomerular capsule
2.Reabsorption:proximal convoluted tubules
3.Secretion:
Active secretion
proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Term
whoRegulate final volume and solute concentration of urine (2)
Definition
1.Long loops of juxtamedullary nephrons 2.collecting system
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