Term
| 3 Functions of the Urinary System |
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Definition
1. Excretion
•Removal of organic wastes from body fluids
2. Elimination
•Discharge of waste products
3. Homeostatic regulation
•Of blood plasma volume and solute concentration |
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Term
| the organ that produce urine |
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Definition
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Term
| organs that eliminate urine are collectivly called |
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Definition
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Term
| components of the Urinary tract |
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Definition
1.ureters
2.urethra
3.urinary bladder |
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Term
| paired tubes that carry urine to the bladder |
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Definition
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Term
| muscular sac that stores urine |
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Definition
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Term
| exit tube that eliminates urine |
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Definition
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Term
| process of eliminating urine is called |
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Definition
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Term
| describe how urination occurs |
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Definition
| Contraction of muscular urinary bladder forces urine through urethra, and out of body |
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Term
| Homeostatic Functions of the Urinary System (5) |
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Definition
1.Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
2.Regulates plasma ion concentrations 3.Helps stabilize blood pH
4.Conserves valuable nutrients
5.Assists liver |
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Term
| how do the kidneys Regulate blood volume and blood pressure (2) |
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Definition
1.By adjusting volume of water lost in urine
2.Releasing erythropoietin and renin |
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Term
| how do the kdneys Regulate plasma ion concentrations |
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Definition
1.Na, K, Cl ions conc.
(by controlling quantities lost in urine)
2.Ca conc by synthesis of calcitriol |
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Term
| how does kidney Help stabilize blood pH |
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Definition
| By controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine |
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Term
| how do the kidneys Conserves valuable nutrients |
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Definition
| prevent them from being excreted in urine (aka they are give back) |
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Term
| how do the kidneys Assists the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| The Kidneys Are located on either side of |
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Definition
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Term
| Left kidney lies _____ to right kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Superior surface of kidney is capped by |
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Definition
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Term
Position of kidney is maintained by:
(4) |
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Definition
1.Overlying peritoneum (most important) 2•Contact with adjacent visceral organs 3•Supporting connective tissues
4.The renal fascia |
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Term
Each Kidney Is Protected and Stabilized
•By what 3 concentric layers of connective tissues? |
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Definition
1.Fibrous capsule
2.Perinephric fat capsule
3.Renal fascia |
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Term
Fibrous capsule fcn (1)
made up of (1) |
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Definition
1.covers outer surface (like kidney is wrapped in plastic wrap)
2.collagen fibers |
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Term
| Perinephric fat capsule 1.made up 2.fcn |
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Definition
1.A thick layer of adipose tissue 2.Surrounds renal capsule
remember capsule surrounding another capsule |
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Term
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Definition
1.A dense, fibrous outer layer
2.Anchors kidney to surrounding structures |
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Term
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Definition
1.Point of entry:
on the medial surface for
renal artery & renal nerves
2.Point of exit:
renal vein & ureter |
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Term
| Internal cavity within kidney |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
fibrous renal capsule is Bound to ____,
which aids to |
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Definition
1.outer surfaces of structures in renal sinus
2.Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves |
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Term
| Outermost layer of the kidney in contact with renal capsule |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Cortex is Reddish brown and granular due to |
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Definition
| presecence of blood vessels |
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Term
| Bands of cortical tissue separate adjacent renal pyramids |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Columns extend into |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Columns Have a distinct ___ texture |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 to 18 distinct conical or triangular structures in renal medulla are called the |
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Definition
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Term
| the Tip of the kidney(aka the ______) projects into renal sinus |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Papilla contain ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
discharge urine into minor calyx
(a cup-shaped drain) |
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Term
| The final urine enters into the ______ to drain towards the bladder |
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Definition
| (major calcyx) to the bladder via the ureters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Receives urine from two or three major calyces |
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Term
| Renal Pelvis fill most of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Pelvis is connected |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood Supply to the Kidneys recieve what %of total cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| ______mL of blood flows through kidneys each minute under resting conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| Kidney receives blood through |
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Definition
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Term
| who Innervates the kidneys and ureters |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Nerves enter kidney at |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Nerves reach individual nephrons by |
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Definition
| Follow the tributaries of renal arteries |
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Term
| what Adjusts rate of urine formation (neural) |
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Definition
| symphathetic division of ANS |
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Term
| how does the symphathetic division of ANS Adjust the rate of urine formation |
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Definition
It is reduced
by reducing:
blood flow & blood pressure at nephron |
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Term
| reducing the blood flow to the kidney is called |
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Definition
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Term
the reduction
blood flow & blood pressure at nephron causes what hormone to be released? |
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Definition
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Term
| the Microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each renal lobe are the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Where urine production begins |
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Term
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Definition
| renal tubule & renal corpuscle |
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Term
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Definition
Long tubular passageway that Begins at renal corpuscle
(plumbing of the kidney) |
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Term
| Renal corpuscle componets (3) |
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Definition
Spherical structure consisting of: 1•Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) 2•Cup-shaped chamber
3•Capillary network (glomerulus aka the glomerulus &its surrounding capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of 50 intertwining capillaries |
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Term
| Filtration of plasma Occurs in |
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Definition
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Term
| how does Blood pressure affect filtration of plasma |
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Definition
Forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space
=Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) (similar to blood plasma) |
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Term
| 3 Functions of the Renal Tubule |
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Definition
1.Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
2.Reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate
3.Secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus |
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Term
| Renal Tubules are located |
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Definition
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Term
| Segments of the Renal Tubule (2) |
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Definition
1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
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Term
Proximal & distal convoluted tubule
are Separated by the |
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Definition
| loop of Henle(nephron loop) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Each Nephron Empties into the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron |
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Term
Collecting ducts
begins in
descends into |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Is connected to (1) |
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Definition
initial segment of renal tubule
(proximal tubule) |
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Term
| Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule forms |
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Definition
outer wall of renal corpuscle
remember renal corpuscle (glomerulus & its capsule) |
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Term
| Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Encapsulates |
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Definition
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Term
| main fcn of bowman's capsule |
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Definition
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Term
| The Glomerular Capsule :Outer wall is lined by __ epithelium |
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Definition
simple squamous
•(Continuous with visceral epithelium that covers glomerular capillaries) |
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Term
| The Glomerular Capsule is seperated by |
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Definition
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Term
| In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of large specialized cells called |
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Definition
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Term
podocytes contain what structure?(1)
fcn of these |
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Definition
feet called ,pedicels,
that wrap around specialized dense layer of glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| Are narrow gaps between adjacent pedicels |
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Definition
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Term
| filtration slits allows (1) |
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Definition
small Materials from blood to enter
glomerulus |
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Term
| The Filtration Barrier Membrane In the Renal Corpuscle Consists of what 3 layers? |
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Definition
1•Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
2•Dense layer of the glomerulus 3•Podocyte filtration slits |
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Term
| again how does Blood pressure affect filtration in kidney |
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Definition
| forces water and small solutes across membrane into capsular space ONLY! |
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Term
is filtration active or passive?
what is not allowed? |
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Definition
passive
NO: Larger solutes, such as plasma proteins |
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Term
| what Solutes CAN enter capsular space (6) |
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Definition
1.Metabolic wastes
2.excess ions
3.Glucose
4.free fatty acids
5.amino acids
6.vitamins |
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Term
| what is the purpose of reabsorption, where does this take place? |
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Definition
Useful materials are recaptured before filtrate leaves kidneys
proximal tubules |
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Term
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle) contains
located in |
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Definition
descending LIMB
ascending LIMB
remember its U shaped
medulla |
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Term
| each limb in nephron loop has a |
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Definition
thin segment
thick segment |
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Term
| The Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC) is made up (2) |
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Definition
an endocrine organ made up of the 1.Macula densa
2.Juxtaglomerular cells |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular cells are |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle fibers in wall of in afferent arterioles |
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Term
| The Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC) secretes (2) |
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Definition
•Hormone erythropoietin
•Enzyme renin |
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Term
| what is the macula densa & where is it found? |
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Definition
| the grp pf closely packed cells of the distal convoluted tubule near the renal corpuscle |
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Term
| Macula Densa physical appearence (2) |
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Definition
| Tall cells with densely clustered nuclei |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular Cells are associated with what other cell type? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Collecting System fcns (3) |
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Definition
1.Transports tubular fluid from nephron to renal pelvis
2.Adjusts fluid composition
3.Determines final osmotic concentration and volume of urine |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys |
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Term
| Glomerulonephritis May occur as a consequence of |
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Definition
| an infection with the bacterium Streptococcus |
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Term
| Polycystic kidney disease def |
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Definition
| An inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules |
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Term
The Kidneys Usually produce what concentration of urine
compare this range to plama concentration |
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Definition
1200–1400 mOsm/L (
four times plasma concentration) |
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Term
| Failure to concentrate filtrate by glomerular filtration leads to ______ which is also known as ______ |
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Definition
1.fatal dehydration
2.renal failure |
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Term
| ex of organic waste products that kidney removes (3) |
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Definition
urea,
creatinine,
uric acid |
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Term
| Basic Processes of Urine Formation (3) & give who does it |
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Definition
1.Filtration: glomerular capsule
2.Reabsorption:proximal convoluted tubules
3.Secretion:
Active secretion
proximal and distal convoluted tubules |
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Term
| whoRegulate final volume and solute concentration of urine (2) |
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Definition
| 1.Long loops of juxtamedullary nephrons 2.collecting system |
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