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Palate / Pharynx
Cole 6/27/11 lecture 1.5 hrs (really like 2)
67
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
06/06/2011

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Cards

Term
laryngopharynx is respiratory only
Definition
oropharynx is a path for both food and air, but what about the laryngiopharynx?
Term
muscle and CT covered with mucosa
Definition
what's inside the soft palate?
Term
posterior to the upper 3rd molars
Definition
at what tooth does the soft palate begin?
Term
the scaphoid fossa
Definition
what part of the sphenoid bone does tensor veli palatini attach to?
Term
the petrous part of the temporal bone
Definition
what bone does levator veli palatini attach to?
Term
between the lateral and medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone
Definition
where is the pterygoid fossa?
Term
the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid
Definition
what bone is the pterygoid hammulus on?
Term
the tendon of tensor veli palatini wraps around it

superior constrictor originates off it
Definition
what is the function of the pterygoid hamulus?
Term
o: medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid (pterygoid fossa)
i: palatine aponeruosis
a: tenses the soft palate & pulls the auditory tube down
i: medial pterygoid of mandibular(V3)
Definition
what is the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of tensor veli palatini?
Term
levator veli palatini
Definition
what muscle elevates the palate to the level of the skull base?
Term
palatoglossus
Definition
what muscle is in the palatoglossal arch that pulls the tongue and soft palate towards each other?
Term
torus tubarius
Definition
name the mucosa over the inverted u at the end of the eustachian tube
Term
palatopharyngeal muscle (the arches have same named muscle)
Definition
name the muscle inside the palatopharyngeal arch?
Term
a v shaped recess between the tongue and the cartilage of the epiclottis
Definition
what is the vallecula?
Term
TVP = V (has V in the name)
LPalati: X
PalatoG: X
Definition
what innervates tensor veli palatini? levator palati? palatoglossus?
Term
to make a seal between the oropharynx and nasopharynx when swallowing

tensor veli palatini
levator palati
Definition
what is the purpose of elevating the palate? what muscles do this?
Term
1) all muscle with TENSOR in their name are V3
2) all muscle with PALAT in their name are X (unless they have tensor)
3) all muscle with GLOSSUS in their name are innervated by XII unless # 2 applies

remember: tensor-trigemnial, glossus-hypoglossus
Definition
what are Stern's rules?
Term
1) facial (tonsilar and ascending palatine branches)
2) dorsal lingual arteries
3) descending palatine artery (3rd part of maxillary)
4) ascending pharyngeal artery (ECA)
Definition
what arteries does the palatine tonsil receive blood from?
Term
kissing tonsils, this happens when the tongue is protruded
Definition
what is it called when tonsils meet in the midline?
Term
adenoid (can swell up and interrupt air flow through the nasal passages)

found int he posterior wall of the nasopharynx behind the uvula
Definition
what is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil? where is it found
Term
when your adenoid glands are too big, they can cut off the airway, especially during sleep

adenoid facies is a tired face that has an open mouth because mouth breathing is obligatory. They look tired because they cant sleep because they can't breathe.
Definition
what is adenoid facies?
Term
it is used to predict the ease of intubation, and used to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea

it is stages based on the visibility of the uvula, palatal arches, and soft palate
Definition
what is the Mallampati staging system?
Term
stage 1 is most open, stage 4 is most closed/obstructed
Definition
which has a wider open entrance to the oropharynx? stage 1 or stage 4 mallampati?
Term
1) areolar layer (buccopharyngeal fascia)
2) muscular layer
3) submucosal layer
4) mucosal layer
Definition
list the layers of the pharynx external to internal
Term
outer circumferential, inner longitudinal
Definition
how are the muscular layers in the pharynx oriented?
Term
the submucosal layer (this is a tough, fibrous CT layer that attaches to the occipital bone)
Definition
what layer of the pharynx is also known as the pharyngobasilar fascia?
Term
glossopharyngeal CN IX (nasopharynx also gets V2 parhyngeal branch)
Definition
what nerve provides somatic sensory to the pharyngeal nerve plexus (pharyngeal mucosa)?
Term
CN IX to stylopharyngeus
CN X to all other pharynx muscles
Definition
what innervates the muscles of the pharynx?
Term
sensory: CN IX
motor: CN X
Definition
describe the motor and sensory component of the gag reflex
Term
1) constrictors
2) vertical group
Definition
what are the 2 groups of pharynx muscles?
Term
1) superior constrictor
2) middle constrictor
3) inferior constrictor

all CN X

* these muscles generally attach to their opposite side counterpart
Definition
list the palate constrictor muscles and their innervation
Term
1) palatopharyngeus (X)
2) salpingopharyngeus (X)
3) stylopharyngeus (IX)


these muscles all attach to the posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage
Definition
list the vertical pharyngeal muscles and their innervation
Term
pterygoid hamulus
Definition
what is the origin of the superior constrictor muscle?
Term
o: pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe
i: pharyngeal tubercle/raphe
Definition
describe the origin and insertion of the superior constrictor
Term
o: stylohyoid ligament & both horns of hyoid
i: pharyngeal raphe
Definition
describe the origin and insertion of the middle constrictor
Term
o: thyroid cartilage
i: L& R pharyngeal raphe (blends with esophagus)
Definition
describe the origin and insertion of the inferior constrictor
Term
tensor veli palitini & salpingopharyngeus
Definition
what 2 muscles help to equalize the air pressure when you swallow?
Term
stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
Definition
what pharynx muscle starts outside the constrictors, but ends up inside them?
Term
o: catilaginous part of auditory tube
i: CT of tensor veli palatini, and thyroid cartilage
Definition
what is the origin/insertion of salpingopharyngeus?
Term
o: hard palate
i: upper thyroid cartilage
Definition
what is the origin/insertion of palatopharyngeus?
Term
1) between skull and superior constrictor
2) between superior and middle constrictor
3) between middle and inferior constrictor
4) between inferior constrictor and the esophagus
Definition
describe the gaps between the constrictor muscles
Term
1)eustachian tube
2)levator palati
3)ascending palatine artery (from facial a.)
Definition
what found in the first constrictor gap?
Term
1) GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
2) stylopharyngeus muscle
3) stylohyoid ligament
Definition
what is found in the gap between superior and middle constrictors?
Term
1) internal laryngeal nerve (vagus)
2) superior laryngeal branches of inferior thyroid vessels (ECA)
Definition
what is found in the gap between middle and inferior constrictors?
Term
1) RECCURENT LARYNGEAL N (From vagus)
2) inferior laryngeal branches of inferior thyroid vessels
Definition
what is found int he gap between inferior constrictor and the esophagus?
Term
musculus uvulae
Definition
what muscle is inside the uvula?
Term
facial and lingual arteries
Definition
what arteries cross middle constrictor?
Term
ECA
Definition
what artery runs alongside the pharynx?
Term
CN XI
Definition
what nerve comes out of the jugular foramen then goes lateral, under SCM, across the posterior triangle to trapezius
Term
CN XII
Definition
what nerve comes out the hypoglossal canal and pierces the carotid sheath?
Term
CN X
Definition
what nerve goes through the carotid sheath posteriorly between internal carotid and internal jugular vein
Term
CN IX
Definition
what nerve runs along the back of stylopharyngeus?
Term
IX, X, XI, Nerves are medial to the vein
Definition
what 3 nerves come out the jugular foramen? which is more medial, the nerves or the vein?
Term
1) voluntary phase
2) initial involuntary
3) secondary involuntary
Definition
what are the 3 phases of swallowing?
Term
the food bolus is moved back with the tongue and the palate is elevated with styloglossus
Definition
what happens in the voluntary phase of swallowing?
Term
2 seals form:
1) the nasopharynx is closed off with the soft palate against the back wall of the pharynx
2) the oropalatal seal is made between the tongue and soft palate (the palatal arches constrict to keep food moving the right direction)

3) superior constrictor constricts to start peristaltic like movements
Definition
what happens in the initial involuntary phase of swallowing?
Term
you regurgitate into the nose when swallowing
Definition
what happens with velar insufficiency(undersized palate) or velar incompetence(paralyzed palate)?
Term
the epiglottis is pushed down, the esophagus opens, the vertical muscles take action (geniohyoid and anterior digastric)
Definition
what happens in the secondary involuntary phase of swallowing?
Term
the place where the oropharyngeal seal forms
Definition
what is the oropharyngeal isthmus?
Term
1)constriction of palatoglossal/pharyngeal arches
2)upward movement of the tongue via styloglossus
3) down and forward movement of soft palate
Definition
list the events that correspond with the closure of the oropharyngeal seal
Term
the valecula, and the medial glossoepiglottic ligament
Definition
what is in between the epiglottis and tongue (what connects them?)
Term
1) vocal folds
2) aryepiglottic muscle
Definition
what larynx structures close/constrict when swallowing?
Term
the quadrangular ligament
Definition
what ligament attaches the epiglottis to the arytnoid cartilages?
Term
the piriform recesses
Definition
what is an important path for liquid in infants?
Term
1)pull tongue and hyoid forward to open the esophagus
2)empty the valleculae (valleculae become more shallow when they constrict)
Definition
what do the geniohyoids do in swallowing?
Term
adults have a much greater distance between the uvula and epiglottis, these structures overlap in infants
Definition
what is the main difference between adults and infants in their anatomy of the pharynx?
Term
they close off the pharynx in the midline with the uvula touching the epiglottis, and the liquid flows around the free sides of it to the piriform recesses
Definition
how do infants swallow and breath when nursing?
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