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OU BIO 206 Brain/Endocrine
NA
113
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/01/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The ___ are three layers of tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Definition
meninges
Term
The outermost meninx is called the
Definition
Dura Mater (tough mother), tough fibrous connective tissue
Term
The ___ ____ is a fold of dura mater that courses along the midsagittal plane in the ___ ____ (separating the left and right cerebral hemispheres)
Definition
falx cerebri; sagittal fissure
Term
The dural fold, ___ ____, in the midsagittal plane, separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres
Definition
falx cerebelli
Term
The dural fold, ___ ____, lies in the transverse plane in the ___ ___ separates the cerebrum and cerebellum.
Definition
tentorium cerebelli; transverse fissure
Term
The ___ ___ is the second meninx, deep to the dura mater with a spider web like appearance (when dry)
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
The ___ ___ is the third meninx that adheres directly to the brain and spinal cord
Definition
pia mater (small mother)
Term
The ___ ____ are similar to veins but lack ____
Definition
venous sinuses; valves
Term
The venous sinuses drain the cranial cavity of ___ ___ and used _____
Definition
deoxygenated blood; CSF
Term
The venous sinuses course along the ___ margins of the ____ ____
Definition
external; dural folds
Term
The ___ ____ sinus is located along the superior margin of the falx cerebri
Definition
superior sagittal
Term
Deoxygenated blood flows from ____ to ____ within the superior sagittal sinus along the midsagittal plane
Definition
anterior; posterior
Term
The ___ ____ sinus courses along the inferior margin of the falx cerebri
Definition
inferior sagittal
Term
The inferior sagittal sinus ends by draining into the ____
Definition

straight sinus

 

Term
The straight sinus is located at the junction of the _____ & ____  (dural folds)
Definition
falx cerebri; tentorium cerebelli
Term
The site where the venous sinuses converge is called:
Definition
confluence of sinuses
Term
The confluence of sinuses is located at the:
Definition
internal occipital protuberance
Term
The sinuses that join at the confluence of sinuses include:
Definition
straight sinus, superior sagittal sinus, & transverse sinuses
Term
The ____ sinuses are located along the external margins of the tentorium cerebelli
Definition
transverse sinuses
Term
The transverse sinuses convey deoxygenated blood from the ____ to the ____ sinuses
Definition
confluence of sinuses; sigmoid
Term
The ____ sinuses curve along the petrous portion of the temporal bone
Definition
sigmoid
Term
The sigmoid sinuses convey deoxygenated blood out of the cranial cavity through the (structure)
Definition
jugular foramen
Term
As the sigmoid sinus drain through the jugular foramen, its name becomes:
Definition
internal jugular vein
Term
The blood supply to the cranial cavity is derived from the ____ and ___ arteries
Definition
internal carotid; vertebral
Term
The ____ ____ arteries ascend through the neck and enter the cranial cavity by traversing the carotid canal
Definition
internal carotid
Term
The vertebral arteries ascend through the neck by coursing through the ____ ___ of the cervical vertebrae
Definition
transverse foramina
Term
The vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity through the:
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
Together, the internal carotid & vertebral arteries come together to form the (structure)
Definition
Circle of Willis
Term
C.O.W.- The posterior portion is composed of (2) ___ arteries that converge to form the ___ artery
Definition
Vertebral; Basilar
Term
C.O.W- The basilar artery bifurcates into the left & right ___ ____ arteries
Definition
Posterior cerebral
Term
C.O.W.- The ___ ___ arteries join the posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries
Definition
Posterior communicating
Term
C.O.W.- Entering through the ____ canals, the ___ ____ arteries join with the posterior communicating arteries
Definition
carotid; internal carotid
Term
C.O.W.- The internal carotid arteries branch into the ___ ___ & ____ _____ arteries
Definition
Middle cerebral; anterior cerebral
Term
The anterior cerebral arteries are joined together by the ___ , completing the Circle of Willis
Definition
Anterior communicating artery
Term
The anterior cerebral aa branch from the Circle of Willis and course in the ____ fissure
Definition
sagittal (longitudinal) ;(supplying anterior & superior portions of the cranial cavity)
Term
The middle cerebral aa branch from the Circle of Willis and course in the ____ sulcus
Definition
lateral (between the temporal & parietal lobe)
Term
The posterior cerebral aa course within the ___ fissure
Definition
transverse; between the cerebrum & cerebellum
Term
Name the five lobes of the cerebrum:
Definition
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
Term
The frontal lobe is responsible for:
Definition
Higher cognition, organizing, problem solving, & personality
Term
The right parietal lobe is associated with processing:
Definition
Visual & spatial information
Term
The left parietal lobe is associated with processing:
Definition
Spoken and written language
Term
The temporal lobe (both sides) are responsible for:
Definition
Processing ipsilateral auditory signals from CN VIII
Term
The right temporal lobe is associated with:
Definition
Visual memory (pictures and faces)
Term
The left temporal lobe is associated with:
Definition
Verbal memory (words and names)
Term
The occipital lobe is associated with processing:
Definition
Visual information from CN II
Term
The insula (deep in the lateral sulcus) serves to
Definition
Control primitive motor movements
Term
The ____ is the largest part of the brain and consists of ___ & ___ hemispheres
Definition
Cerebrum; left, right
Term
_____ are convolutions (bumps) of the cerebrum
Definition
Gyri (gyrus singular)
Term
Gyri of the cerebrum are separated by ____ (grooves)
Definition

sulci (sulcus singular)

 

Term
The cerebrum has various ___ and large ___ that separate out the main lobes of the brain
Definition
Fissures; sulci
Term
The _____ fissure separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres and is occupied by the ___ ____
Definition
Longitudinal (sagittal); falx cerebri
Term
The ____ fissure/sulcus separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum and is occupied by the ___ ___
Definition
transverse; tentorium cerebelli
Term
The ____ sulcus/fissure separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum
Definition
lateral
Term
The ____ sulcus separates the frontal from the parietal lobe
Definition
central
Term
The primary ____ cortex is the precentral gyrus (anterior to the central sulcus)
Definition
motor
Term
The primary ___ cortex is the postcentral gyrus (posterior to the central sulcus)
Definition
sensory
Term
The corpus callosum contains 4 regions (anterior to posterior)
Definition
rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
Term
The ____ is the most important sensory relay center of the brain
Definition
thalamus
Term
The _____ process sensory information and control reflexes for chewing and swallowing
Definition
mammillary bodies
Term
The ___ is an area of crossing over (desiccation) for CN II
Definition
optic chiasm
Term
The ____ are spaces within the brain responsible for the production of CSF
Definition
ventricles
Term
The specialized tissue, ___ ___ , filters the CSF from the blood in the ventricles
Definition
choroid plexus
Term
CSF contains
Definition
glucose sugar, electrolytes, and trace elements
Term
The ____ ventricles are housed in the corpus callosum and separated by the ___ ____
Definition
lateral; septum pellucidum
Term
CSF in the lateral ventricles leave via the:
Definition
Interventricular Foramen of Monroe
Term
The interventricular foramen of Monroe drains into the  ___ ventricle (between the two halves of the thalamus)
Definition
third
Term
CSF leaves the third ventricle by draining out through:
Definition
Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
Term
The cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius drains CSF into the ___ ventricle
Definition
fourth
Term
The three foramina that open in the fourth ventricle and drain CSF out into the subarachnoid space are:
Definition
(1) foramen of Magendie, (2) foramina of Luschka
Term
Flow of CSF (part I): L.V.s > Interventricular F. of ____> ___ V.> cerebral ___ of ____
Definition
Monroe; third; Aqueduct, Sylvius
Term
Flow of CSF (part II): Fourth V.> foramen of ___ & foramina of ____> ____ space
Definition
Magendie; Luschka; subarachnoid
Term
The ____ connects with the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Definition
cerebellum
Term
The cerebellum has its right and left hemispheres separated by a median _____
Definition
vermis
Term
The outer cortex of the cerebellum contain ____ and ____ seen in cross section
Definition
folia, fissures
Term
The cerebellum presents white matter branching in the form of a tree called the:
Definition
Arbor Vitae (tree of life)
Term
The cerebellum is responsible for ____ & ____ movement, regulating muscle tone, and maintaining ___
Definition
coordinating, smoothing muscle; equilibrium
Term
The ____ consists of the midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
Definition
brainstem
Term
The ___ is the most primitive portion of the brain, controlling bodily functions essential to life
Definition
brainstem
Term
The _____ lies between the thalamus and pons, containing the ___ ____
Definition
midbrain; corpora quadrigemina
Term
The corpora quadrigemina presents four elevations divided into the ___ & ___ ____
Definition
superior & inferior colliculi
Term
Superior colliculi are involved in the pathway of:
Definition
vision
Term
Inferior colliculi are involved in the pathway of:
Definition
hearing
Term
The ____ act as a conduit, connecting the right & left cerebellar hemispheres
Definition
pons
Term
The ____ is responsible for relaying nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
Definition
pons
Term
The pons is also involved with coordinating ____ movements: ____ & _____
Definition
breathing; inspiration, expiration
Term
The ___ ___ is part of the brainstem that is directly continuous with the spinal cord and contains ___ & ___ fiber tracts
Definition
medulla oblongata; ascending, descending
Term
The medulla oblongata regulates these three vital body activities:
Definition
respiration, heart rate, blood pressure
Term
The ____ functions in the regulation of visceral activity of the body's endocrine system
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
The ____ regulates body temperature, metabolism, sleep wake cycles, sexual activity, & emotions
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
The ____ gland sits in the sella turcica
Definition
pituitary (hypophysis)
Term
The pituitary gland secretes the following hormones:
Definition
Posterior: oxytocin, vasopressin; Anterior: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, MSH, endorphins
Term
The ___ gland is located along the internal surface of the brain & secretes the hormone melatonin
Definition
pineal
Term
____ (hormone) is responsible for the regulation of the biological clock (____ ____)
Definition
melatonin; Circadian rhythms
Term
The ____ gland lies just below the Adam's apple in front of the larynx & trachea
Definition
thyroid
Term
The thyroid will secrete ___ & ___ in reponse to the release of ___ from the anterior pituitary
Definition
T3 (triiodothyronine) ,T4 (thyroxine); TSH
Term
T3 & T4 are necessary for ____ & ____ development in children & ____ the rate of metabolism
Definition
growth, neurological; increase
Term
The thyroid gland also secretes the hormone ___ that ____ blood calcium levels
Definition
calcitonin; lowers
Term
The ____ glands are 4 small glands attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Definition
parathyroid
Term
The parathryoid gland secretes ___
Definition
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
Parathyroid hormone ___ blood calcium levels.
Definition
increases
Term
The ____ glands are located above the kidneys & consist of an inner (____) and outer (____)
Definition
adrenal; medulla, cortex
Term
In response to stress, ACTH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the ____ ____
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
The steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are collectively referred to as:
Definition
corticosteroids
Term
The adrenal medulla (internal) produces ____ & _____
Definition
epinephrine & norepinephrine
Term
Another name for epinephrine is:
Definition
adrenalin
Term
Adrenalin from the adrenal medulla ___ heart rate, ____, and _____ activity
Definition
increases; respiration; metabolic
Term
The _____ is an endocrine & exocrine organ
Definition

pancreas

 

Term
As an exocrine organ, the pancreas, produces ____ ____
Definition
digestive enzymes
Term
As an endocrine organ, the pancreas produces ____ & _____
Definition
insulin & glucagon
Term
Insulin & glucagon are responsible for:
Definition
maintaining blood glucose levels
Term
The ovary is the female gonad responsible for the production of ___ (____)
Definition
eggs (ova)
Term
The ovaries produce the hormones ___ & ____, that stimulate the development of female reproductive organs & regulating menses
Definition
estrogen & progesterone
Term
The testes secrete the hormone ____ that stimulates male reproductive organ development & sperm production
Definition
testosterone
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