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Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure
Study chapter 6 Bones
17
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/01/2013

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Term
Define surface feature
Definition
A surface feature is a characteristic of a bone's surface that has a certain function, such as forming a joint, serving as a site of muscle attachment, or allowing the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
Term
Identify the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape.
Definition
The six broad categories for classifying bones according to shape are flat bones, irregular bones, long bones, sesamoid bones, short bones, and sutural (Wormian) bones.
Term
Compare a tubercle with a tuberosity.
Definition
A tubercle is a small, rounded projection on a bone, where as a tuberosity is a small, rough projection that may occupy a broad area on the bone's surface.
Term
Medullary Cavity (marrow cavity)
Definition
The medullary cavity- the space within a bone-contains the red bone marrow, the site of blood cell production, and the yellow bone marrow, adipose tissue that is an important sit for energy reserves.
Term
Define osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoprogenitor cell, and osteoclast
Definition
Osteocytes are cells responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of bone; osteoblasts are cells that produce the fibers and matrix of bone; osteoprogentitor cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; and osteoclasts are cells that dissolve the fibers and matrix of bone.
Term
A sample of bone has lamellae that are not arranged in osteons. Is the sample more likely from the epiphysis or from the diaphysis?
Definition
The sample is likely from an epiphysis. The presence of lamella that are not arranged in osteons is indicative of spongy bone, which occurs in epiphyses.
Term
Distinguish between the Periosteum and the Endosteum
Definition
The periosteum is the layer that surrounds a bone; it consists of an outer fibrous region and an inner celluar region. The endosteum is an incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surfaces of bones.
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition

endo,inside + chondros,cartilage

is the replacement of a cartilaginous model to bone.

Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
is the formation of bone without a prior cartilaginous model.  Intramembranous ossification centers that produce the roofing bones of the skull. I.O. starts eighth week of embryonic development.
Term
Name 6 abnormalities of bone growth
Definition

1. Pituitary growth failure-inadequate production of growth hormone.

2. Achondroplasia- abnormal epiphyseal activity (bone growth slows down)

3. Marfan syndrome- excessive cartilage formation

4. Gigantism-overproduction of growth hormone before puberty.

5. Fibrosysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)-rare single gene mutation disorder(skeletal muscle)

6. Acromegaly-overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.

Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
Bones with complex shapes
Term
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Definition
A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands when plasma calcium levels fall below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calcium ion loss at the kidneys.
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid when calcium ion concentrations are abnormally high; restores homeostatis by increasing the rate of bone deposition and the rate of calcium loss by the kidneys.
Term
Calcium
Definition
Calcium-Ca- mineral reservoir in bones; most abundant mineral in body; 99% deposited in skeleton
Term
Fracture
Definition
a crack or a break in a bone
Term
Name 2 internal fractures
Definition
Closed, or simple fractures are completely internal.  They can be seen only on x-rays, because they do not involve a break in the skin.
Term
Name 2 projected fractures
Definition
Open, or compound, fractures project through the skin.  These fractures, which are obvious on inspection, are more dangerous than closed fractures, due to the possibility of infection or uncontrolled bleeding.
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