Term
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Definition
| A surface feature is a characteristic of a bone's surface that has a certain function, such as forming a joint, serving as a site of muscle attachment, or allowing the passage of nerves and blood vessels. |
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Term
| Identify the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape. |
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Definition
| The six broad categories for classifying bones according to shape are flat bones, irregular bones, long bones, sesamoid bones, short bones, and sutural (Wormian) bones. |
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Term
| Compare a tubercle with a tuberosity. |
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Definition
| A tubercle is a small, rounded projection on a bone, where as a tuberosity is a small, rough projection that may occupy a broad area on the bone's surface. |
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Term
| Medullary Cavity (marrow cavity) |
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Definition
| The medullary cavity- the space within a bone-contains the red bone marrow, the site of blood cell production, and the yellow bone marrow, adipose tissue that is an important sit for energy reserves. |
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Term
| Define osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoprogenitor cell, and osteoclast |
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Definition
| Osteocytes are cells responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of bone; osteoblasts are cells that produce the fibers and matrix of bone; osteoprogentitor cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; and osteoclasts are cells that dissolve the fibers and matrix of bone. |
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Term
| A sample of bone has lamellae that are not arranged in osteons. Is the sample more likely from the epiphysis or from the diaphysis? |
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Definition
| The sample is likely from an epiphysis. The presence of lamella that are not arranged in osteons is indicative of spongy bone, which occurs in epiphyses. |
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Term
| Distinguish between the Periosteum and the Endosteum |
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Definition
| The periosteum is the layer that surrounds a bone; it consists of an outer fibrous region and an inner celluar region. The endosteum is an incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surfaces of bones. |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
endo,inside + chondros,cartilage
is the replacement of a cartilaginous model to bone. |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| is the formation of bone without a prior cartilaginous model. Intramembranous ossification centers that produce the roofing bones of the skull. I.O. starts eighth week of embryonic development. |
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Term
| Name 6 abnormalities of bone growth |
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Definition
1. Pituitary growth failure-inadequate production of growth hormone.
2. Achondroplasia- abnormal epiphyseal activity (bone growth slows down)
3. Marfan syndrome- excessive cartilage formation
4. Gigantism-overproduction of growth hormone before puberty.
5. Fibrosysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)-rare single gene mutation disorder(skeletal muscle)
6. Acromegaly-overproduction of growth hormone after puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones with complex shapes |
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands when plasma calcium levels fall below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calcium ion loss at the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid when calcium ion concentrations are abnormally high; restores homeostatis by increasing the rate of bone deposition and the rate of calcium loss by the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium-Ca- mineral reservoir in bones; most abundant mineral in body; 99% deposited in skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| a crack or a break in a bone |
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Term
| Name 2 internal fractures |
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Definition
| Closed, or simple fractures are completely internal. They can be seen only on x-rays, because they do not involve a break in the skin. |
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Term
| Name 2 projected fractures |
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Definition
| Open, or compound, fractures project through the skin. These fractures, which are obvious on inspection, are more dangerous than closed fractures, due to the possibility of infection or uncontrolled bleeding. |
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