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Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure
Chapter 6 BIO 168 @ COA
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/29/2013

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Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
1. consists of the bones, skull, thorax, and vertebral column.
2. form the longitudinal axis of the body.
3. 126 Bones
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
1.includes bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach limbs to the axial skeleton
2. 80 bones
Term
Functions of the Skeletal System
Definition
1. Support
2. Storage of Minerals
3. Blood Cell Production
4.Protection
5.Leverage
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
1. thin, roughly parallel surfaces
2. examples: cranial bones and sternum
Term
Structural Bones
Definition
1. irregular bones formed between cranial bones
2. number, size and shape vary
Term
Long Bones
Definition
1. relatively long and slender
2. examples: various bones of the limbs
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
1.complex shapes
2.examples: vertebrae, bones of pelvis, facial bones
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
1. Small, flat, and somewhat shaped liked sesame seed
2. develop in tendons of knee, hands, and feet
3.individual variation in location and number
Term
Short Bones
Definition
1. small and boxy
2. examples: bones of the wrist and ankles
Term
Surface Features of the Skull
Definition
1. canal or meatus
2. process
3.sinus
4.foramen
5.fissure
Term
Surface Features of the Femur
Definition
1. trochanter
2. neck
3. facet
Term
Surface Features of the Humerus
Definition
1. head
2. turbercle
3. sulcus
4. tuberosity
5. diaphysis
6. trochlea
7. condyle
Term
Surface Features of the Pelvis
Definition
1. crest
2. fossa
3. line
4. spine
5. ramus
Term
Long Bone Features
Definition
1. epiphysis
2. metaphysis
3. diaphysis
Term
Bone Vasculature
Definition
1. Nutrient Artery/Vein
2. Nutrient Foramen
3. Metaphyseal Artery/Vein
4. Articular Cartiliage
Term
Periosteum Features
Definition
1. smaller blood vessels
2. lymphatic vessels
3. sensory nerves
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
1. maintain protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix
2. most numerous bone cell type
3. mature bone cells that cannot divide
4. occupy lacunae
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
1. produce new bony matrix
2. become osteocytes once surrounded by bony matrix
Term
Osteoprogenitor
Definition
1. mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
2. important in fracture repair
3. locations: inner lining of periosteum, lining endosteum, lining passageways containing blood vessels
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
1. remove and remodel bone matrix
2. giant cells with 50+ nuclei
3. release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored mineral
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
1. functional unit is osteon
2. organized concentric lamellae organized around central canal
3. circumferential lamellae: outer and inner surfaces of compact bone layer
4. interstitial lamellae: fill spaces between osteons
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
1. located where bones are not heavily stressed or in many directions
2. lamellae form struts and plates (trabeculae) creating and open network
Term
Appositional Bone Growth
Definition
1. increases bone diameter or existing bones
2. osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts that add bone matrix under periostenium
3. deeper lamellae recycled and replaced by osteons
4. osteoclasts remove matrix at inner
surface to enlarge medullary cavity
Term
Periosteum
Definition
1. fibrous outer layer
2. cellular inner layer
Term
Periosteum Functions
Definition
1. isolate bone from surrounding tissues
2. provides a route for the blood and nervous supply
3. actively participates in bone growth and repair
Term
Endosteum
Definition
1. incomplete cellular layer lignin the medullary cavity
2. covers spongy bone and lines central canals
3. consists of simple layer of osteoprogenitor cells
4. where incomplete, osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel matrix
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
1. in shafts, chondrocytes, enlarge and matrix ossifies
2. blood vessels grow around cartilage edge, and osteoblasts form to create a superficial layer of bone
3. blood vessels penetrate central region
4. medullary cavity created as cartilage replaced by osseous tissue
5. secondary ossification centers form as capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses
6. epiphyses fill with spongy bone
7. bone grows in length at epiphyseal cartilage
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
1. begins as mesenchymal (stem) cells differentiate into osteoblasts within embryonic or fibrous connective tissues
Term
Steps of Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
1. mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid matrix
2. osteoid matrix becomes mineralized
3. bone grows out in small struts
4. osteoblasts become trapped and mature into osteocytes
5. blood vessels enter and become trapped in developing bone
Term
Intramembranous Ossification (Embryonic)
Definition
1. spongy bone formed initially
2. remodeling around blood vessels forms osteons of compact bone
3. periosteum forms, lined with osteoblasts
4. begins at approx. 8th week of embryonic development
Term
Pituitary Growth Failure
Definition
1. reduction in growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and short bones
2. rare due to treatment with synthetic growth hormone
Term
Achondroplasia
Definition
1. epiphyseal cartilage grows unusually slow
2. limbs are short
3. trunk is normal size
Term
Marfan Syndrome
Definition
1. excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilage
2. causes long, slender limbs
3. other connective tissure abnormalities cause cardiovascular issues
Term
Gigantism
Definition
1. overproduction of growth hormone before puberty
Term
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)
Definition
1. gene mutation that causes bone deposition around skeletal muscles
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
1. growth hormone levels rise after epiphyseal plates close
2. bones get thicker
Term
Calcium in Bones
Definition
1. most abundant mineral in the body
2. approx. 99% deposited in skeleton
3. levels controlled by activities of : intestines, bones, and kidneys
Term
Hormonal Control of Calcium
Definition
1. increase of calcium levels: parathyroid hormone
2. decrease of calcium levels: calcitonin from thyroid gland C cells
3. release of calcium into blood weakens bones
Term
Fracture
Definition
1. crack or break due to extreme mechanical stress
2. most heal as long as blood supply and cellular parts of periosteum and endosteum survive
Term
Steps of Fracture Repair
Definition
1. large blood clot (fracture hematoma) develops
2. calluses form (internal and external)
3. calluses replaced and dead bone moved
4. remodeling of healed bone
Term
Types of Fracture
Definition
1. Close or Simple
2. Open or Compound
3. Transverse
4. Spiral
5. Displaced
6. Compression
7. Greenstick
8. Comminuted
9. Epiphyseal
10. Pott
11. Colles
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