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Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure
Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure
25
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/25/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Axial Skeleton (160)

Definition

Bones of the:

 

Skull

 

Throax

 

Vertebral Column

Term

 

 

 

 

Appendicular Skeleton (80)

Definition

Bones of the:

 

Limbs

 Girdles

 

 

 

attach to the Axial Skeleton

Term

 

 

 

 

Functions of the Skeletal System

Definition

Support- support for body, attachment for soft tissue

 

Storage of Minerals- calcium and phosphate

 

Blood Cell Production

 

Protection- surrounds delicate tissues and organs

 

Leverage- work with skeletal muscles to move body

Term

 

 

 

 

6 Categories of Bones

Definition

Flat Bones- thin, roughly parallel surfaces

Sutural Bones- irregular bones formed bewteen cranial bones

Long Bones- relatively long and slender

Irregular Bones- complex shapes

Sesamoid Bones- small, flat, and somewhat shaped like a sesame seed

Short Bones- small and boxy

Term

 

 

 

 

Skull Surface Features

Definition

Canal or Meatus- large passageway

 

Process- projection or bump

 

Sinus- chamber within bone, usually filled with air

 

Foramen- small, rounded passageway

 

Fissure- elongated cleft or gap

Term

 

 

 

 

Humerus Surface Features

Definition

Head- expanded proximal end that forms part of joint

Tubercle- small, rounded projection

Sulcus- deep, narrow groove

Tuberosity- small, rough projection; may occupy broad area

Diaphysis- shaft; elongated body

Trochlea- smooth, grooved articular process

Condyle- smooth, rounded articular process

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Femur Surface Features

Definition

Tronchanter- large, rough projection

Head

Neck- narrow connection bewteen head and diaphysis

Diaphysis

Facet- small, flat articular surface

Condyle

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Pelvis Surface Features

Definition

Crest- prominent ridge

Fossa- shallow depression or recess

Line- low ridge; more delicate than crest

Spine- pointed or narrow process

Ramus- extension that makes and angle with the rest of the structure

Term

 

 

 

 

4 Bone Cell Types

Definition

 

 

Osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor

Osteoclasts

Term

 

 

 

 

Long Bone Features

Definition

Epiphysis- consists largely of spongy bone, outer covering of compact bone, articular cartilage

 

Metaphysis

 

Diaphysis- contains medullary cavity (marrow)

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Periosteum Features

Definition

Smaller Blood Vessels- supply superficial osteons

 

Lymphatic Vessels- collect lymph from bone and osteons

 

Sensory Nerves- innervate diaphysis, medullary cavity, and epiphyses

Term

 

 

 

 

Bone Matrix Components

Definition

Collagen Fibers- provides flexibility, accounts for 1/3 of bone weight

 

Calcium Phosphate- accounts for 2/3 of bone weight, interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Compact Bone

Definition

Functional Unit- Osteon

 

organized concentric lamellae around a central canal

 

canaliculi connect lacunae with each other and central canal

 

strong along its length

Term

 

 

 

 

Osteocytes

Definition

mature bone cells that cannot divide

 

most numerous bone cell type

 

 

maintain protein and mineral content of adjacent matrix

 

occupy lacunae

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Osteoblasts

Definition

produce new bony matrix (osteogenesis or ossification)

 

become osteocytes once surrounded by bony matrix

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Definition

mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

 

important in fracture repair

 

location: inner lining of periosteum, lines endosteum in medullary cavity, lines passageways containing blood vessels 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Osteoclasts

Definition

remove and remodel bone matrix

 

giant cells with 50+ nuclei

 

release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)

Term

 

 

 

 

Pituitary Growth Failure

Definition

reduction in growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal crtilage activity and short bones 

 

rare due to treatment with synthetic growth hormone

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Achondroplasia

Definition

epiphyseal cartilage grows unusually slow

 

limbs are short

 

trunk is normal size 

Term

 

 

 

 

Marfan Syndrome

Definition

excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilage

 

causes long, slender limbs

 

other connective tissue abnormalities cause cardiovascular issues

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Gigantism

Definition

overproducion of growth hormone before puberty

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

Definition

gene mutation that causes bone deposition around skeletal muscles

 

hetertopic/ectopic: bones developing in unusual places 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Acromegaly

Definition

growth hormone levels rise after epiphyseal plates close

 

bones get thicker, especially those in the jaw, hands, and face

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Fracture

Definition

crack or break due to extreme mechanical stress

 

most heal as long as the blood supply and cellular parts of the periosteum and endosteum survive 

Term

 

 

 

Steps of Fracture Repair

Definition

large blood clot (fracture hematoma) develops

 

calluses form

-internal calluses: network of spongy bone uniting inner edges

-external calluses: cartilage and bone stabilizes outer edges

 

calluses replaced and dead bone removed

 

remodeling of healed bone 

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