Term
| FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM |
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Definition
1. support(structural framework, muscle attachment)
2. Protection(heart,brain,lungs,spinal cord)
3.Movement(breathing,limbs)
4.Mineral Balance (storage/release of minerals i.e. calcium/phosphorous)
5.Blood Formation (red bone marrow)
6.Adipose Storage (energy reserves) |
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Term
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Definition
A)bone
1)hardened matrix(compact bone, spongous/cancellous bone)
a. deposition of calcium phospate
1.mineralization/calcification |
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Term
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Definition
| long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, suttural/Wormian bones,sesamoid bones |
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Definition
| longer than they are wide. (fingers, forearm, humerous, femur) |
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Definition
| width is equal to length (wrist, ankle) |
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Definition
| Enclose or protect soft organs. have broad surfaces for muscle attachment (cranial,os coxae,ribs, sternum) |
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Definition
| no definite shape (vertebrae) |
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Definition
| bone between flat bones of skull |
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Definition
| developed within tendons, located near joints (feet, hands, knees) |
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Term
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Definition
| long bone feature, cylindrical canal, contains yellow bone marrow |
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Definition
| long bone feature, shaft of bone, mostly compact bone |
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Term
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Definition
| long bone feature, ends of bone, mostly spongy (cancellous) bone,site of blood production (proximal epipysis) |
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Definition
| long bone feature,joint surface of ephiphysis, reduces friction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| outer fibrous layer (continous w/tendons),inner osteogenic layer (bone growth, healing of fractures),functions-isolates bone, route for blood vessels and nerves,participates in bone growth & repair |
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Term
| SHARPEY'S/PERFORATING FIBERS |
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Definition
| continuation of outer fibrous layer,anchors periosteum,penetrates into bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| lines internal surface of bone,contains osteogenic cells (give rise to other bone cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| made of hyaline cartilage,located between epiphysis & diaphysis, eventually become epiphyseal line (when bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from fibroblasts, give rise to other cells (w/osteoblasts & osteocytes), found in endosteum, inner osteogenic layer of periosteum,central canals,become osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| bone forming cells, synthesize new soft bone matrix & hardens by mineral deposition (produce collagen fibers,release calcium ions & phosphate ions, hydroxyapatite) |
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Term
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Definition
organic matter=1/3 weight (collagen fibers can withstand bending, tension, twisting CANNOT WITHSTAND COMPRESSION).
inorganic matter=2/3 weight, hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate can withstand compression CANNOT WITHSTAND BENDING TWISTING) |
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Term
CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE
(structure of compact bone) |
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Definition
| ring of bone matrix (surround central canal), collagen fibers corkscrew down the lamellae (opposite direction in the adjacent lamellae, enhances bone growth) |
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Term
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE
(structure of compact bone) |
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Definition
| runs parallel to outersurface of bone |
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Term
INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE
(structure of compact bone) |
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Definition
| between osteons, remains of old osteons |
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Term
| CENTRAL CANAL, HAVERSIAN CANAL OR OSTEONIC CANAL (structure of compact bone) |
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Definition
| canal in center of osteon, contains blood vessels & nerves |
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Term
OSTEON OR HAVERSIAN SYSTEM
(structure of compact bone) |
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Definition
| composed of central canal, concentric lamellae, basic structural unit of compact bone, withstands stress from the ends |
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Term
PERFORATING CANAL, VOLKMANN'S CANAL OR TRANSVERSE CANAL
(structure of compact bone) |
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Definition
| cross matrix and feed into central canals |
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Term
TRABECULAE
structure of spongy/cancellous bone |
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Definition
| "little beams", similiar to walls of swiss cheese, can withstand stress from several directions |
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Term
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Definition
| RED BONE MARROW, YELLOW BONE MARROW |
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Term
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Definition
| found in long bones (proximal epiphysis), skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum,os coxae |
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Definition
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Definition
| found medullar cavity, mostly of adipose, no longer produces blood, under sever anemia it transform back to red bone marrow (thus increasing blood production) |
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Term
| 2 TYPES OF BONE DEVELOPMENT |
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Definition
intramembranous ossification (skull bones & clavicle)
Endochondrol ossification (most bones) |
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Term
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Definition
| interstitial growth,growth of cartilage,growth from w/i,growth in lengtH |
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Term
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Definition
| bone elongation, appostional growth |
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Term
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Definition
| depostion of new tissue at surface, growth in width and thickness |
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Term
WOLFF'S LAW OF BONE
(bone remodeling) |
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Definition
| architechture of a bone is determined by the stresses placed on it and adapting to withstand those stresses |
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Term
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Definition
| crystallization process in which ions are taken from the ion blood and deposited into bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| out of plase osseous tissue, calculus, eyes, lungs, tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolving bone & releasing minerals into blood |
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Term
| CALCIUM PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS |
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Definition
1. hypocalcemia=blood calcium deficiency
2. hypercalcemia=blood calcium excess |
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Term
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Definition
-form of vitamin D
-promotes calcium ion resorption by kidneys (less calcium in urine)
-necessary for bone depostion (w/o calcium & phosphate too low in blood)
-raises blood concentration by increasing calcium, phosphate & magnesium by small intestines
-increasing calcium &phosphate resporption from skeleton (calcitrol binds to osteoblasts, osteoblasts release chemical messenger to stem cells who then turn into osteoclasts, who then remove calcium & phosphate from bone) |
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Term
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Definition
-secreted by calcitonin cells of thyroid gland when calcium too high w/1 of 2 ways:
1. osteoclast inhibition-liberates less calcium from skeleton=less calcium in blood
2. osteblast simulation-increases osteoblast activity, move calcium in skeleton
*important role in children (high o/c)
*little role in adults (low o/c) |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by parathyroid glands on posterior surface of thyroid glands, release PTH when blood calcium is low by 1 of 4 ways:
1.PTH increase o/c activity=increase bone resorption
2. PTH decreases o/b activity=decrease bone resorption
3.PTH increases phosphate excretion by kidneys=decrease calcium phosphate formation
4.PTH decrease calcium excretion by kidneys=increase calcium levels |
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Term
| 9 TYPES OF STRESS FRACTURES |
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Definition
Open=bone breaks & penetrates skin
Greenstick=bone breaks 1/2way vertically
Comminuted-shattered (several pieces)
Linear-parallell to epiphysis
Transverse-perpendicular to epiphysis
Oblique-at an angle
Spiral-by twisting
Colles-at wrist
Pott-at ankle |
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Term
| 2 CAUSES OF PATHOLOGIC FRACTURES |
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Definition
| bone weakened then fractured b/c of disease (i.e. bone cancer, osteoporosis) |
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