Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Orthotic Fitter Course
2012
268
Anatomy
Not Applicable
09/13/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from median plane
Term
Medial
Definition
Towards the median plane
Term
Superior
Definition
Towards the head
Term
Inferior
Definition
Towards the feet
Term
Supine
Definition
Someine is lying on his or her back
Term
Prone
Definition
Someone is lying face down
Term
Distal
Definition
Further from the limb's connection 
Term
Proximal
Definition
Nearer from the limb's connection 
Term
Superficial
Definition
Being on or near the surface
Term
Deep
Definition
Beneath the surface
Term
Coronl/Frontal
Definition
Separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts
Term
Sagittal
Definition
Separates the body into Left and Right parts.
Term
Fowler's Position
Definition
A person sitting straight up or leaning straight back. 
Term
Trendelenberg Position 
Definition
A person is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet
Term
Record Management
Definition
Some States - 3 years, Medicare - 7 years
Term
Hazard Communication
Definition
"right to know law"
Term
Vehicle Compliance requires certain safety criteria by who?
Definition
DOT, OSHA and local, state and federal.
Term
ML device measures
Definition
Body widths
Term
Can a bathroom be used as a fitting room?
Definition
No
Term
MSDS
Definition
Material Safety Data Sheets
Term
Tool measures lordotic curve
Definition
Goniometer
Term
Monofilament
Definition
Test neuropathy and numbness
Term
VAPC Calipers
Definition
Measures the width of irregular areas such as a knee or elbow
Term
Stay benders
Definition
Adjust steel stays to the correct contour
Term
To adjust AFO's, you use
Definition
Tin Snips
Term
Bending Irons
Definition
Use on heavier steel and other metals to get the job done quickly and effectively
Term
Alteration tools include
Definition
heat gune, oven, bending irons, sewing machine, alignment device, anvil, grinding, and carving tools, and vice.
Term
Measuring device include
Definition
Tape measure, goniometer, calipers, VAPC calipers, ML gauge, and plumb bob
Term
Is it good practice to take pictures during assessment?
Definition
Yes
Term
Right Lateral Recumbent
Definition
The person is laying on their right side
Term
Left Lateral Recumbent
Definition
Person is laying on their left side
Term
Flexion
Definition
Angle is reduced between bones or parts of the body
Term
Flexion
Definition
Applies only to movement along Sagittal or median plane
Term
Flexion/Extension
Definition
[image]
Term
Adduction
Definition
Reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body
Term
Abduction
Definition
Increase in the angle
Term
Abduction/Adduction
Definition
Only applies to movement along coronal plane
Term
Abduction/Adduction
Definition
[image]
Term
Movements possible with synovial joints
Definition
Abduction, Adduction, Extension, Flexion, Rotation
Term
Ligament
Definition
Term
Gliding or planar
Definition
Term
Rotation
Definition
Circular movement of a bone around its axis
Term
Valrus
Definition
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint
Term
Valgus
Definition
Outward Angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint
Term
Vargus/Valgus
Definition
[image]
Term
Pronation
Definition
Body position that faces posteriorly
Term
Supination
Definition
Body position faces anteriorly
Term
Supination/Pronation
Definition
[image]
Term
Supination/Pronation
Definition
[image]
Term
Circumduction
Definition
Movement involving adduction, flexion, extension, and abduction creating a circular path of movement
Term
Only joint that is capable of circumduction
Definition
The shoulder
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Flex upwards. Usually 20-30 degrees
Term
Plantarflexion
Definition
Extend downwards. Typically 30-40 degrees.
Term
Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
Definition
[image]
Term
Protrusion/Retrusion
Definition
Protrusion - Tongue Out
Term
Eversion
Definition
The movement of the sole of the foot away from median plane
Term
Inversion
Definition
The movement of the sole towards the median plane
Term
Examples of connective tissues
Definition
Fat, tendons, ligaments, cartilages, bones, muscles
Term
Functional Anatomy
Definition
Skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, visceral, circulatory and lymphatic system
Term
Human body is broken down into 4 subdivisions
Definition
Head, neck, trunk and limbs
Term
Tissue
Definition
Organized groups of cell
Term
Functioning anatomical units
Definition
Organs or organ systems
Term
Tissues are classified as
Definition
Epithelial, Connective tissues, Nerve tissues and Blood
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
Covers entire surface of the body
Term
Epithelial
Definition
Made up of cells closely packed and arranged in one or more layers
Term
Endothelium
Definition
Epithelial tissue that occurs on the interior surface
Term
Functional examples of Epithelial tissue
Definition
Protection, Sensation, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion
Term
Nerve Tissue
Definition
Reacts to stimuli producing impulses to various organs and produce responses to the stimuli
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Nerve tissues formed together
Term
Neurons
Definition
Nerve tissues of the brain, spinal cord, and other nerves that branch out all over the body
Term
Function of nerve tissues
Definition
Governs the motion of the body, sense of feeling & anatomical positioning
Term
Blood tissue
Definition
Specialized body fluid where necessary nutrients and oxygen are transported through the human body to all tissues and cells
Term
Blood tissue
Definition
Transports the waste products away from cells
Term
Separate Primary Tissue
Definition
Blood because it has white and red cells
Term
________ bones in the adult human
Definition
206
Term
Largest of all bones
Definition
Femur
Term
Smallest of all bones
Definition
Stapes bone located inside the middle ear
Term
Locomotion
Definition
Primary function of Appendicular Skeleton
Term
Appendicular Skeleton has __ bones
Definition
126
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
Includes upper limbs and lower limbs to include pelvic girdle
Term
Six regions of Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
Pectoral Girdle, Arms & Forearms, Hands, Pelvis, Thigh & Legs and Feet
Term
Axial Skeleton has ___ bones
Definition
80
Term
Formed by vertebral colum, thoracic cage and skull
Definition
Axial Skeleton
Term
Responsible for transmitting the weight from head, trunk and upper extremities to lower extremities at the hip which allows upright position of the human
Definition
Axial Skeleton
Term
There are ____ skeletal muscles that act upon the Axial Skeleton to position the spine allowing for the big movement in the thoracic cage for breathing and the movements of the head
Definition
366
Term
Human body relies on the skeleton as
Definition
Framework to provide support
Term
Combination of Appendicular skeleton and Axial Skeleton is
Definition
Human Skeleton
Term
Rib cage and sternum protects
Definition
Lungs, heart and major blood vessels
Term
Clavicle and scapula protects
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Skull protects
Definition
Brain, eyes and middle ear
Term
Vertebrae protects
Definition
Spinal Cord
Term
Ilium and spine protects
Definition
Digestive and uro-gential systems
Term
Appendicular skeleton
Definition
Is unfused allowing for greater range of motion
Term
Name all kinds of joint
Definition
Gliding/Planar, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid/Ellipsoidal, Saddle, Ball & Socket, Compound
Term
Long Bones
Definition
Arms and legs
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
Head & scapula
Term
Short bones
Definition
Fingers, irregular bones in verebrae, wrist and foot
Term
Dense fibrous membrane that covers outer surface of all bones except joint surfaces of long bones
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Sends many of it's fiber into the bone
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Cartilage
Definition
Stiff yet flexible connective tissue
Term
Cartilage are in what body parts
Definition
Rib cage, elbow, knee, ankle and intevertebral discs
Term
Does not contain blood vessels
Definition
Cartilage
Term
Ball & Socket 
Definition
Wide range of motion (Shoulder & Hip)
Term
Compound 
Definition
(Knee)
Term
Pivot 
Definition
One bone rotates about another (Neck)
Term
Hinge
Definition
Allows flexion/extension in one plane (Elbow)
Term
Condyloid
Definition
Where two bones fit together with odd shape (Wrist)
Term
Saddle
Definition
Permits same movement as Condyloid
Term
Semi-movable
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
Immovable
Definition
Fibrous
Term
Freely movable
Definition
Synovial
Term
Immovable
Definition
Bones in the skull
Term
Semi-movable
Definition
Symphysis pubis
Term
Freely movable
Definition
Hip, shoulder, knee
Term
Most common and most movable joint 
Definition
Synovial Joint
Term
Formation of tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bones
Definition
Tendons
Term
Paratendonitis
Definition
Inflammation of paratendon
Term
Tendinosis
Definition
Non-inflammtory injury to tendon at cellular level
Term
Tendon Injuries/Tendinopathies factors
Definition
Age, body weight, nutrition
Term
_____ curves forward "convex"
Definition
Cervical
Term
Begins at odontoid process and ends at middle of 2nd thoracic vertebra
Definition
Cervical
Term
_____ curves forward concavely and begins at middle of 2nd and ends at 12th thoracic vertebra
Definition
Thoracic (Posterior)
Term
It's curve is convex anteriorly beginning at middle of last thoracic vertebra and ends at sacrovertebral angle
Definition
Lumbar
Term
Pelvic
Definition
Begins at sacrovertebral and ends at coccyx
Term
Type of neurons that coverts external stimuli to interal stimuli
Definition
Sensory neurons
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
Network of nerve fibers running from the spine 
Term
Brachial Plexus is divided into
Definition
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords and Branches
Term
Cervical Plexus
Definition
Network of nerves from C1 to C5.
Term
Somatic motor neurons
Definition
Involved in locomotion as found in the muscles of the limbs, abs and intercostal muscles
Term
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Definition
Newton's Third Law
Term
Acceleration is produced when a force acts on mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelearted) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object)
Definition
Newton's Second Law
Term
An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by unbalanced force
Definition
Newton's First Law
Term
____ muscles in the human body
Definition
640
Term
Three major roles of Skeletal System
Definition
Encompasses/protects vital organs, Provides shapes/support and allows us to move
Term
Kinetics
Definition
Study of motion and causes
Term
Kinematics
Definition
Description of the motion, type, direction, planes of human movement
Term
___ degrees to mold inserts
Definition
230
Term
Venous Insufficiency
Definition
Causes leg edema, fibrin deposition
Term
Figure 8
Definition
Clavicle Fractures
Term
Epicondylitis
Definition
Tennis Elbow, Arthritis, Tendonitis, Carpal Tunnel
Term
Elbow sleeves
Definition
Strains, Sprains, Arthritis, Bursitis, Epicondylitis
Term
Bunnell Splint
Definition
Used to substitute for weakness of the extensor pollicis longus muscle. Can extend wrists but not flex fingers.
Term
Spica Splint
Definition
Immobilize thumb/wrist
Term
Ulnar Drift
Definition
Hand deformity - swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joints causing fingers to displace
Term
Post op Shoes
Definition
Not flexible on plantar surface. Healing processes
Term
Un-loader shoe
Definition
Pressure off of the forefoot. Faster healing after surgery
Term
Surgical Post Op Shoes
Definition
Off-load pressure from heel by shifting weight to mid and forefoot
Term
Pressure Relief AFO
Definition
Helps to create air space around back of heel, alleviating pressure and preventing hell ulcers.
Term
Night Splint
Definition
Plantar Fascilities - Worn at night. Promotes cramping of the fascia and calf muscles.
Term
Plantar Facilitis
Definition
Pain on underside of heel
Term
AFO
Definition
Provide support to weak or wasted limbs or to position a limb with tight, contracted muscles into a more normal position and to correct foot drop
Term
Plantar Fascilitis
Definition
Thick connective tissue which supports arch of foot
Term
Rocker Bottom Leg Walker
Definition
Helps to promote natural gait and reduce plantar pressures
Term
Ankle Sprains - Grade 1
Definition
Mild, Stretching of Ligaments, Small tears. 
Term
Ankle Sprains - Grade 1
Definition
Treatment - Rest, Ice, Compressive Bandages, Elevation of Ankle. Ankle is bandaged, taped or in specialized splint. Can still be active
Term
Ankle Sprains - Grade 2
Definition
Complete tear. Treament - RICE
Term
Ankle Sprains - Grade 3
Definition
Inflable splint, walking cast (3-6 weeks)
Term
Ankle Sprains - Grade 3
Definition
Complete rupture
Term
Ankle Sprains - Grade
Definition
Short/long leg walker, Pneumatic Walker
Term
Figure 8 Ankle Brace
Definition
Hybrid between stirrup and soft ankle support
Term
Ankle Bandit
Definition
Sprains, Tendonitis and Pain
Term
Ankle Lok Brace
Definition
Pressure off Achilles Tendon and prevents blistering
Term
Unloader Knee Brace
Definition
Unload stress from affected joint.
Term
Unloader Knee Brace
Definition
Medial compartment knee oa
Term
Functional Knee Brace
Definition
Improve tibial-displacement control, greater rigidity, enhanced durability and better soft tissue contact
Term
Strains
Definition
Muscles/Tendons injuries
Term
Sprains
Definition
Ligament injuries
Term
Femoral Fracture Brace
Definition
Promotes stability through circumferential compression of soft tissue
Term
Common injuries of Lower Extremity Disorders
Definition
Fractures, pulled/torn ligaments, overuse, sprains and strains
Term
Largest muscle of the hip area
Definition
Gluteus Maximus
Term
Femoral Head is where?
Definition
Concave socket of the hip joint
Term
Greater Trochanter
Definition
Outside of the hip. Most lateral part in the hip
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
In the hip joint
Term
Shaft
Definition
Long bone of the femur
Term
Hamstrings
Definition
Posterior of Thigh
Term
Popliteal Fossa
Definition
Posterior of patella
Term
Patella
Definition
Anterior of knee joint. Largest semsamoid bone in the human body
Term
Knee Areas
Definition
Quadriceps Tendon, Patellar Ligament, Tibial Tubercle (located right below the knee cap)
Term
Hip bone made of three sections
Definition
Ilium, pubis, Ischium
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
Hip socket inside hip joint
Term
Hip joint is one of the most stable joints in the body. T/F?
Definition
True
Term
Most common cause of hip breakdown
Definition
Arthritis
Term
Osteoarhritis
Definition
Wear and Tear. Cartilage that cushion bones to wear away, the bones then rub together bone on bone causing hip pain and stiffness
Term
Rhematoid Arthritis
Definition
A disease in which causes the synovial membrane to become irritated and produces too much fluid. Damages the cartilage, leading pain and stiffness
Term
Traumatic Arthritis
Definition
Often result of injury of frature
Term
Avascular Necrosis
Definition
Loss of bone caused by insufficent blood supply, injury and bone tumors
Term
Bursitis
Definition
Bursa, closed fluid-filled sac that functions as gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body becomes inflammed
Term
Trochanteric bursa
Definition
Located on side of tip and separated signficantly from the actual hip joint by tissue and bone
Term
Ischial Bursa
Definition
Located in upper buttock area
Term
Bruise or tear in muscle that connects to the top of ileum
Definition
Hip pointer
Term
Causes of hip pointer
Definition
Fall, blow, quick twist or turn of body
Term
Ileum
Definition
Crest of pelvis just below the waist
Term
DDH
Definition
Development Dysplasia of hip
Term
CDH
Definition

Congenital Discloation of Hip

(Existing at Birth)

Term
Hip dysplasia can be unilateral or bilateral
Definition
True
Term
Symptoms of Hip Dysplasia
Definition
Leg appears shorter on one side, Affected Limb may turn outwards and space between legs look wider than normal
Term
Actetabular Dysplasia
Definition
Too shallow or deformed. Femur head grows at an angle which is too narrow to shaft
Term
Coxa Valga
Definition
The femur head grows at an angle which is too wide to the shaft
Term
Pavlik harness
Definition
Usually used on babies up to 4 months to hold hips in place while allowing for legs to move and diaper changing
Term
Pavlik harness
Definition
Full time - 6 weeks, Part time - 12 hrs a day. Dr will check x-ray after treatment
Term
Frejka Pillow
Definition
Less common - to treat hip dislocation.
Term
Spica Casting
Definition
Can be used as part of hip treatment plan
Term
Common injury of hip areas
Definition
Hip fractures - due to fall, auto accident, high energy injuiries, sports related injuries
Term
Pathological fracture
Definition
Hip fractures due to tumors and infections.
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
Causes loss of bone mass. Greater risk of getting hip fracture
Term
Femoral head fracture
Definition
Femoral head. Usually result from high energy trauma
Term
Femoral neck fracture
Definition
Damage the blood supply to the femoral head
Term
Intertrochanteric fracture
Definition
Break in which the fracture line is between the greater and lessor trochanter on the intetrochanteric line. Most common type
Term
Subtrochanteric Fracture
Definition
Shaft of femur 
Term
Most painful condition of hip dislocation
Definition
Total hip dislocation where femoral ball comes out of place from cup component
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Prevent excessive flexion or extension of hip and to limit adduction
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Abduction - 20 degrees and 0-70 debrees Flexion
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Typically 24 hours a day unless dr says otherwise
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Holds femur in hip socket
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Open all straps, apply brace on the side of affected hip by putting the tongue of the thigh cuff & waistband under the patient's waist and thigh. Slide the brace under and around until the waist band is centered and hip joint is centered.
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Waistband is positioned below rib cage and top of iliac crest. Indentation of waistband should fall into waist groove
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Hinge shall be placed in later after waistband and thigh cuff are aligned
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Keep it away from your patient's view. Otherwise they'll try to do it themselves at home. Not safe!
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
20 degree abduction and 0-70 flexion-extension
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Easier if patient using unaffected side bending the knee to elevate the torso while arching back which allows you slip the waistband underneath.
Term
Hip Abduction Brace
Definition
Waistband placed under rib cage and top of ilac crest. align with thigh cuff and center the hinge and tighten it.
Term
HKAFO
Definition
Control rotation to increase rigidity of plastic components along with the extension to prevent rotation
Term
Sternal Notch
Definition
[image]
Term
Xiphoid Process
Definition
[image]
Term
Posterior Height for LSO
Definition
Taking two measurement - waist to gluteal fold and from the inferior angle of the scapula to the waist will give you the best measurement for a LSO
Term
Anterior Height for LSO
Definition
Xiphoid process to symphisis pubis
Term
Waist Circumference - LSO
Definition
Ask patient to bend laterally and find the break of the bend. (Obese patient - find midpoint between coastal flair and iliac crest)
Term
Xiphoid Circumference - LSO
Definition
Palpate xiphoid process and zip zag tape to torso
Term
Hip circumference - LSO
Definition
Palpate the greater trochanter as the landmark and measure the hip circumference. 
Term
Measurements - LSO
Definition
[image]
Term
Spinal Orthoses 
Definition
After measurements are made, determine height and hip development
Term
Measurements - Back Brace
Definition
Sternal Notch, Axilla, Xyphoid Process, Waist, ASIS, Trochanter, Symphysis Pubis, Spine of Scapula, Inferior/Ang. Scapula, Coccyx
Term
Achondroplasia
Definition
Dwarfism
Term
Giantism
Definition
Excessive bone growth
Term
Hypopituitarism
Definition
Insufficient production of growth hormones and leads to growth failures and delayed skeletal maturation.
Term
Hypopituitarism
Definition
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Term
Osteogenesis
Definition
Brittle bone disease, fragile bones that are prone to fracturing. Genetic, cannot be cured
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Long, short, and irregular bones where cartilage is replaced by bone
Term
Osteopetrosis
Definition
Formation of overly dense but fragile bones which leads to fractures, blindess, deafness and strokes
Term
Osteopetrosis
Definition
Bone Marrow Transplant
Term
Largest part of the vertebra
Definition
Body
Term
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Definition
Affect muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves.
Term
Thoracic Dorsal Area - Two additional joints that attaches to ribs
Definition
True
Term
Two functions of Disc
Definition
Cushioning support of body weight, provide motion between adjacent vertebrae
Term
Pedicle
Definition
Passage for the spinal nerves and blood vessels
Term
Lamina
Definition
Sloping body surfaces which connect with the processes and forms the posterior section of the arch and are the bony connection between the processes
Term
Spinous Process
Definition
Midline posterior from the arch of the vertebrae. Tendons and muscles are attached to this
Term
Lumbosacral Joint
Definition
Between 5th lumbar vertebrae and sacrum. Firmly bound with ilia with strong ligaments
Term
Injuries often occur where in the lumbosacral joint
Definition
Between the 4th & 5th and 5th and sacrum
Term
Intervertebral Disk
Definition
Makes up 25% of spinal column
Term
Dens
Definition
Center projection of Axis 
Term
Atlas
Definition
First cervical segment
Term
Dens
Definition
Pivot that allows the atlas to rotate
Term
Hip Joint
Definition
Located on each side of the pelvis which is lateral to the gluteal region
Term
Pelvis
Definition
basin shaped ring of bones forming pelvic girdle which is made up of two hip bones ilium, sacrum, and the coccyx form a complete ring joined together anteriorly at the symphysis pubis joint and posteriorly at the sacroiliac joints
Term
Pelvic Girdle
Definition
Connects the vertebral column to the femurs
Term
Hip Joint Movements
Definition
Flexion & Extension at tranverse axis, Lateral rotation & medial rotation at the longitudinal axis, Abduction and Adduction at the sagittal axis. 
Term
Hip Joint Movements
Definition
Lateral/External rotation - 30 degree hip extended, 50 degree with hip flexed. Extension/retroversion - 20 degrees, Flexion or anteversion - 140 degrees, Abduction - 50 degrees with hip extended and 80 degrees with hip flexed. Adduction - 30 degrees with hip extended, 20 degrees with hip flexed
Term
Major long bones in the lower extremities
Definition
Femur, tibia and fibula
Term
Major joints of the lower extremities
Definition
Hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint, and the foot
Term
Genu Varum
Definition
Femorotibial Angle is lateral of the mechanical axis
Term
Genu Valgum
Definition
Angle is medial of the mechanical axis
Term
Hind-Foot
Definition
7 bones, 6 joints
Term
Mid-foot
Definition
5 bones, 5 joints
Term
Forefoot
Definition
14  bones, 9 IP
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