Attribution theory

Tries to explain the behavior of other people

• Consensus: did peers in the same situation behave in a similar way
• Distinctiveness: did individual behave in same way in other situatuions
• Consistency: frequency of behavior over time

• Boss and subordinate set goals and time frame

• specific, measurable, attainable , realistic, timbound

• Fixed interval: know how much time will go by
• variable interval: pop quiz
• fixed ratio: know how much work to do
• variable ratio (STRONGEST)

• Positive Reinforcement: strongest

• Negative Reinforcement/Avoidance Learning: discouraging Undesired Behaviors through extinction and punishment

1. Personal
2. Immediate
3. Sincere
4. Specific

1. Intersender
2. Intrasender
3. Person-role
4. Interrole

1. Not knowing the expectation of the role.
2. Not knowing how you will be evaluated.

1. Time Management

2. Getting help from mentor

3. Role Negotiation

1. Job Redesign and Rotation
2. Reduction of Uncertainty; making it more transparent
3. Job Security
4. Company Day Care
5. Elder Care
6. Compressed Workweek, Flexible work schedules
   
7. Tellecomuting

• (reactive)
• Alcohol problems
• drugs addiction
• marital counseling
• financial problems
• "if you caused it, can you help cure it?"

Wellness Programs

• (proactive)
• Healthy foods
• Magazines
• Health screenings
• workout facilities
• smoking cessation programs

1. sexual
2. harassment
3. discrimination
4. slander
5. performance
6. evaluation
7. recruiting/interviewing
8. and others.

1. sender
2. message
3. encoding
4. medium
5. Decoding by receiver
6. Receiver
7. Creating Meaning
8. Feedback
9. ***NOISE***

1. Appreciative: least rigious
2. Marginal
3. Attentive: really pay attention
4. Analytical: most rigorous "arguing"

1. Daily conversational vocabulary:smallest
2. Writing vocabulary: letter
3. Listening vocabulary
4. Reading vocabulary:largest

• Multiple meanings(500 most used words have an avg or 28 definitions
• Jargon(leagalese, computerese)
• Overly complex words

• Active vs. Passive Listening
• We listen 4-5 times faster than normal conversations. (125wpm vs 500wpm)

• Tune in
• Feed it occasionally
• Know when to be silent

1. Ignore
2. Discredit as often as possible
3. refute without repeating it

1. "Open Door" policy: management by walking around.
2. Being the bearer of Bad news(kill the messenger)

1. Downward:(directives, order, announcements)
2. Upward:(suggestion boxes, attitude surveys, open door policies
3. Horzontal:(interdepartmental meeting, cross function teams)

1. Personal Space

2. Choice of words in different culture

3. Differences in tone, volume.

1. Command Group: departments of an organization
2. Task force: assigned to do a project
3. Team: more intensive group
4. Self-Managed Work Team: no boss

1. Friendship
2. Interest Group

1. Conservative:always "for" you
2. Strategic: always "against" you
3. Erratic: hard to predict not set in their positions
4. Apathetic:really don't care or often participate

1. Forming:very little agreement of disagreement
2. Storming
3. Norming
4. Performing: goal achievement- clear goals
5. Adjourning

KNOW ORDER

1. Compliance: to gain reward or avoid punishment
2. Identificaion: because others do it
3. Internalization: the norm is righ and proper. strongest

1. DisEquity
2. Hard to measure own effort

• Prison simulation
• Had to shut down before finished

• acceptance of authority
• 60% were fully obedient

1. Non programmed Decisions
2. Programmed Decisions

1. Identifying the problem(gap)
2. Generating Solutions:all the alternative possible
3. List Consequence of each solution
4. Selection a soultion
5. Implementing and exaluating the solution

Optimizing/maximizing(how people should make decisions

1. Bounded
2. Limited Information Processing
3. Satisficing

1. Time
2. Money
3. Inclination

1. problems
2. solutions
3. participants
4. choices opportunities are floating around randomly

(decisions are random and unsystematic)

1. Adam Smith
2. Perfect Rationality
3. Maximize
4. Prescriptive

1. Herbert Simon
2. Bounded Rationality
3. Satisfice
4. Descriptive

1. cognitive dissonance
2. optimism
3. control abilities
4. sunk costs

1. Brainstorming(no negative comments)
2. Devil's Advocate
3. Nominal Group Technique
4. Delphi Technique
5. Synectics
6. Phillips 66 Buzz sessions
7. Collective Notebook

1. Availability and Diversity of Members skills, knowledge and expertise
2. Enhanced memory for facts
3. capability of error detection
4. greater decision acceptance

1. Time to make a decision
2. domination by one powerful person or clique
3. pressure to conform and fit in(group think)

Groupthink

Group Polarization

1. Brainstorming
2. Nominal Group Technique
3. The Delphi Technique
4. Devil's Advocacy
5. Dialectical Inquiry